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Abraham, Phineas S., 5, Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. Dub.; B. Sc. Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. Dub. and Paris); 1st Sen. Mod. and Large Gold Medallist in Nat. Sci. and Mod. in Exper. Sci., T.C. Dub., 1871; Hon. Sec. Dub. Biol. Club., Contrib. to Proc. Zool. Socs., Lond. and Paris, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection in Physiological Lecture Room of Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880.

Adams, Hope Bridges (Miss), Student Bedford College, studied medicine at Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. Graduated L.K.Q.C.P. Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married to Dr. Walthers. Settled in practice at Frankfort. Leipzig Pathological Institute.

“Miss Bridges Adams made a number of experiments on the secretion of hæmoglobin in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig, on rabbits and dogs, which she poisoned slowly with chlorate of potassium and other similar substances, by which the kidneys, bladder, and spleen were morbidly affected. The animals vomited, a deposit collected in the bladder, and they died after sufferings more or less prolonged. Dr. Lebedoff (of St. Petersburg), who is continuing the investigations, affirms that she attained no definite result and that the experiments do not give one the impression of having been carried out with thoroughness.”—Thier u. Menschen Freund, No. 7, 1883.

Albertoni (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute in Chair of Physiology in absence of Prof. Cerradini, Senior Physician Hospital for Chronic Diseases.

Author of “Influenza del cervello nella produzione dell’ epilessia; che cosa avvenga del sangue nella trasfusione;” and joint author with Dr. Bufalini: “Sull’ aumento delle pulsazioni cardiache dietro l’eccitazione delle prime radici dorsali;” and with Dr. F. Lussana, of “Sull’ alcool, ricerche sperimentali”; 3rd art. in “Lo sperimentale,” 1874.

Experiments in transfusion of blood, tried successfully on dogs, subsequently on three human patients who died, the transfusion having “hastened the fatal issue.”—Archiv. Ital., Tome 2, p. 180. Repeated experiments of Chirone and Curci on apes, arriving at opposite conclusions.

Albini, Commendatore Giuseppe, Palazzo Dini, Via Museo Nazionale, Naples. Oculist. Prof. Histology, Anatomy and Physiology. Director of the Institute of Physiology in Royal University, Naples. Vice-President of the Academy of Physical and Mathematical Science. President of the Neapolitan Branch of Italian Alpine Club.

Author of “Ueber das Gift der Salamander Maculata,” Vienna, 1858; “Sull’ azione aspirante del cuore,” Naples, 1862; “Sul mecanismo della deglutizione,” 1863; “Guarigione di una Fistola gastrica in un cane,” 1867; “Guida allo studio della Fisiologia normale e sperimentale,” 1870; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Parma,” Parma, 1860; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Napoli,” 1860-64.

Anderson, Richard John, 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. Qu. Univ. Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper. Science, Gold Medal and Prize), 1870; B.A. (2nd Hons. and Prize in Exper. Science), 1869; M.D. (1st Hons., Gold Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (Eng., and L.M.) 1872; (Belfast, St. Barthol. London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator of Anat. Qu. Coll. Belfast; Prof. of Zoology, Galway, 1884.

Contributed “Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1878; “The Presence of an Astragalo-schapoid Bone in Man,” Ibid., 1880; “Respiratory Excitation and Depression,” Dub. Journ. Med. Science, 1880; and other Contributions to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub. Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Queen’s College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1882-83.

Arloing, (Prof.) Prof. Anat. and Physiol, and of practical experiments in the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons.

Aufrecht, (Dr.), Magdeburg.

“Experiments in the artificial induction of diseases of the kidneys. Used formerly to tie the ureter, has now injected Cantharides under the skin of rabbits, and produced the disease in all its forms.”—Med. Centralblatt, No. 47, 1882.

Aubert, Hermann. Prof. Rostock University.

Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; jointly with Gustav Roever, of Rostock, of “Ueber de Vasomotorischen Wirkungen des nervus vagus, laryngicus und sympathicus,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. II., p. 211. This essay describes experiments on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs.

“Constructor of a ‘handy apparatus’ for bringing animals into a state of asphyxia in air attenuated or deprived of oxygen.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., 27, p. 566.

Audigé, R. H. T., 26, Avenue Bosquet, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874.

Author of Thèse “Recherches expérimentales sur le spasme des voies biliaires,” Paris.

“Alcohols administered in a slow and continuous manner were found to give rise to various disorders. Vomiting of biliary matter and glairy mucus together with more or less severe diarrhœa were observed. Difficulty of breathing, muscular tremor, and even paresis of the hinder extremities were also recorded. Examination after death revealed congestive changes of the alimentary canal and of the liver, but no hepatic cirrhosis. Well-marked hyperæmia of the lungs and atheroma of the large vessels, especially the aorta were also detected.… Absinthe when given to the animals gave rise to great excitement with muscular contracture and cutaneous hyperæsthesia.”—Lancet, June 30th, 1883.

“… We must not overlook the extreme sensitiveness of the mucous membrane which lines the ducts; we have just seen that an injection into the biliary ducts of water mixed with a small quantity of acetic acid produces in dogs acute pain.”—Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1874, p. 27.

The biliary ducts of a curarised dog dissected out and then excited by electricity so as to produce spasms.—Ibid.

Axenfeld, Alexandre, Camerino, Italy. Prof. pathologie médicale, Med. Faculty, Paris.

Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.

Bacchi, M. E. M.D., Turin, Laureate Univ., Turin; M.D. Paris, 1874; Prof. Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris.

Author of “Contribution à l’étude de l’étiologie de la sclérochoroïdite postérieure, Paris, 1874.”

This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains are produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves of a rabbit—the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to an hour daily from September 14th to October 30th.

Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left side of another rabbit, and then I poured on to it a few drops of a strong solution of acetic acid. The pain was so violent that the animal emitted heartrending shrieks and writhed in the throes of a violent agony.”—Collection de Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris, 1874, pp. 59 and 61.

Baginsky, Benno. M.D. Berlin, 1872.

Contrib. “Über die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhöhle,” Virchow’s Archiv., 1881.

Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin.

Balbiani (Prof.). Prof. Embryology, Coll. de France.

Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially rabbits and guinea-pigs.—Traité de physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495. Chiefly known as an Embryologist.

Balfour, Francis Maitland. B. 1851, d. 1882. (Killed by a fall on the Glaciers of Courmayeur Alps). Educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where he graduated subsequently; he studied at the Stazione Zoologica at Naples, under Dr. Dohrn. Was Lecturer on Natural Science, Embryology, and Comparative Anatomy at Trinity College, Cambridge. Fell. Roy. Soc. 1878; Mem. Counc. Roy. Soc.; Pres. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1881; LL.D. Glasgow 1880. The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was created specially for him. Was for several years one of the editors of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science. A Balfour Fund has been raised to found memorial at Cambridge.

Balfour, John Hutton, Junr., East Brighton Crescent, Portobello, M.B., Edin. and C.M., 1881.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics, same year.

Barker, John, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; M.B. 1846, B.A.; F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); Exam. in Anat. and Surg. and Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ. Dublin.

Author of Cryptogamic Part in “Steel’s Handbook of Field Botany,” and other papers.

Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. No experiments returned.

Barlow, John, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1879; M.B. and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1881; (Anderson Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Prof. of Inst. of Med. Anderson’s Coll. Glasg.; late Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol., Univ. Glasg.; House Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.

Contributed “Mode of Demonstrating Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” Jour. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Action of Ozonised Air,” Ibid., Vol. XIII.

Held a License for Vivisection at University of Glasgow Physiological Laboratory and Class Room in 1878-79-80-83. Certificate in 1878 and 1879 for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Testing previous Discoveries; in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of Lectures. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Bartholow, Robert. Cincinnati. M.D.

Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” New York, 1878.

Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens.

Battistini, Attilio. M.D. University of Rome.

Beatson, George Thomas, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. B.A. Cantab., 1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1874 (Edin. Univ.); formerly Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.

Contributed “On the causes of Expense in the Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition of Bodies found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumours,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological Laboratory in 1879 and Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill before recovery from Anæsthetics.

Beaunis, Henri Etienne. Prof, of Physiology, Med. Faculty, Nancy.

Author of “Nouveaux éléments de Physiologie humaine,” Paris, 1876; joint author with M. Bouchard of “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et d’Embryologie,” 1873.

Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of the necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and particularly recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting frogs, as being more readily procured than other animals, and easily held by pinning them on a piece of cork.

Béclard, Jules, au Siége de l’Académie, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. B. 1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Med. Faculty, Paris; Perpetual Sec. Acad. of Medicine, &c.

Author of “Traité élémentaire de Physiologie,” Paris, 1880; “Expériences constatant l’électricité du sang chez les animaux vivants,” Metz, 1863. Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,” Paris, 1880.

“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals the cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent the discharge of water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave disorders are set up little by little, terminating in death. In order thus to suppress the functions of the skin, it is advisable to lay bare, by means of shaving closely, the whole of the skin of a dog, sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the exposed surface with a thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb at the expiration of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve hours. After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has brought on slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, the asphyxia is rapid.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495.

Béclard, Pierre Augustin. B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant to M. Roux, 1809; Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., 1818; Mem. Acad. of Med., 1820.

Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.

Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” Paris, 1821; “Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité Élémentaire de Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; Part II., 1884.

Bégin, Louis Jaques. B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. Physiol., Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, 1823; Prof. Anat., Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; Pres. Acad. of Med., Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous foreign learned societies.

Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; contributed Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.”

Behrend, F. Student, Berlin.

Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect of uva ursi leaves and arbutin.—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol.. 92, Pt. III.

Bell, Sir Charles. B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. Roy. Infirm., Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., 1812; Sen. Prof. Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., 1824; Lect. Physiol., Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831.

Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, 1793 (by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A System of Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” London, 1824; “The Nervous System of the Human Body,” London, 1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments,” London, 1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical Transactions,” “Institute of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the following:—

“After delaying long on account of the unpleasant nature of the operation, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior roots of the nerves of the lower extremity—the creature still crawled—but I was deterred from repeating the experiment by the protracted cruelty of the dissection. I reflected that the experiment would be satisfactory if done on an animal recently knocked down and insensible—that whilst I experimented on a living animal, there might be a trembling or action excited in the muscles by touching a sensitive nerve, which motion it would be difficult to distinguish from that produced more immediately through the influence of the motor nerves.”—Nervous System of the Human Body (Longman and Co.), 1830, p. 31.

The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir Charles Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral aspect:—

“In concluding these papers, I hope I may be permitted to offer a few words in favour of Anatomy, as better adapted for discovery than experiment. Anatomy is already looked upon with prejudice by the thoughtless and ignorant—let not its professors unnecessarily incur the censures of the humane. Experiments have never been the means of discovery—and a survey of what has been attempted of late years in physiology, will prove that the opening of living animals has done more to perpetuate error than to confirm the just views taken from the study of anatomy and natural motions. In a foreign review of my former papers the results have been considered as a further proof in favour of experiments. They are, on the contrary, deductions from anatomy, and I have had recourse to experiments not to form my own opinions, but to impress them upon others. It must be my apology that my utmost efforts of persuasion were lost, while I urged my statements on the grounds of anatomy alone. For my own part I cannot believe that Providence should intend that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by the means of cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws of Nature.”—Ibid., p. 217.

Similar sentiments are expressed in his “Essay on the Forces which Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25.

Bellesme, Jousset de. School of Physiology, Nantes.

Author of “Physiologie Comparée Recherches expérimentelles sur les fonctions du balancier chez les insectes,” Paris, 1879; “Recherches sur la digestion chez les mollusques céphalopodes,” Comptes rendus Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Recherches sur l’action physiologique du grenat ou résidu de fabrication de la fuchsine,” Comptes rendus, Vol. LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187.

Belli, Aristide (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Urbino.

Bennet, Alex. Hughes, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. M.D., Edin. (Gold Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin., Lond. and Paris); Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Ext. Mem. and Emer. Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Physician Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St. John’s Wood, and to the Westminster Hospital, &c., &c.

Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological Actions of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” 1873; “A Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases of the Nervous System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves and Muscles, with their Motor Points,” &c.

Bennett, John Hughes, M.D. Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh; died 1875.

President of the Committee which performed the experiments on the effect of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was accustomed to lecture to his class on the benefit of vivisection, and advised his students to resist every attempt to interfere with it. Originator and suggestor of Rutherford’s experiments on the bile ducts.

Béraud, J. B. Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853. Experiments on generative organs.

Bergeron, E. J., 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; Prof. Med. Fac. and Insp. of Lunatic Asylums for the Department of Seine, Knight of the Legion of Honour.

Author of “Les Réactions physiologiques des Poisons,” Paris, 1836; “Sur l’existence normale du cuivre dans l’organisme,” Paris, 1873; “L’empoisonnement par la strychnine,” Paris, 1877, &c.

At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a long series of experiments in several poisoning cases.

Berlin, W. (Dr.), Amsterdam University.

Bernard, Claude. B. at St. Julien, Rhone, France, 1813; d. 1878. M.D. Paris, 1843; Pupil and Assistant to M. Majendie; Prof. of Medicine at Faculty of Science, Paris; Member of the Academy of Science; succeeded Majendie as Professor of Experimental Physiology at the College of France in 1855; Prof. Gen. Physiol. at Museum, 1868; Mem. Acad. Med., 1861; Pres. Biological Soc., 1867; Member of French Academy, 1869; Commander of the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute of France.

Author of “Leçons de physiologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1854-1855, 2 vols.; “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine expérimentale,” Paris, 1855; “Leçons sur les effets des Substances toxiques et Médicamenteuses,” Paris, 1857; “Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système nerveux,” Paris, 1858; “Leçons sur les propriétés physiologiques et les altérations pathologiques des liquides de la l’organisme,” Paris, 1859; “Leçons de pathologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1871; “Leçons sur les anæsthétiques et sur l’asphyxie,” Paris, 1875; “Leçons sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1876; “Leçons sur le diabète et la glycogenèse animale,” Paris, 1877; “Leçons sur les phénomènes de la vie, etc.,” Paris, 1878; “La science expérimentale,” Paris, 1878.

“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary man. He is a learned man, a man possessed and absorbed by a scientific idea. He does not hear the animals’ cries of pain. He is blind to the blood that flows. He sees nothing but his idea, and organisms which conceal from him the secrets he is resolved to discover.”—Introd. à l’étude, p. 180.

Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These animals, Bernard tells us (Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale, p. 347), survived respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four minutes, and so on, according to the heat of the stove and according to the position of their heads within it, or outside of it. “It became impossible,” he says of them, “to count the pantings. At last the creature falls into convulsions and dies—uttering a cry.”

“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths may be full of legitimate promises for the future.”—Sur le Diabète, p. 43.

Bernstein, Jules (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. M.D. Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin, 1871; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873.

Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand durch Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in “Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875; “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem.” Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.

Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to physiologists.

Berruti, Giuseppe.

Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, 1876; with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in Gazette Hebdomadaire de Méd., 1856, p. 863 et 924.

Performed numerous experiments on Horses.

Bert, Paul, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; Prof. Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of 20,000 francs from the Academy of Science for his work on “La Pression Barométrique” in 1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and Minister of Public Worship for France, under the Presidency of M. Gambetta.

Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” 1867; “La Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific Articles to “La République Française.”

“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn animals (cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist asphyxia much longer than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his apparatus for keeping animals in compressed oxygen he draws a dog in full convulsions, strong enough to enable him to carry it by one paw, like a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The attacks of convulsions, under strong tension of oxygen, are, he says, really curious and startling.” (P. 799.)—Pression Barométrique.

“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and incapable of any movement, even of breathing, which function was performed by a machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” All this time, however, “its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its will, remained intact,” “a condition accompanied by the most atrocious sufferings that the imagination of man can conceive.” (Vide Claude Bernard in Revue des Deux Mondes, 1st September, 1864, pp. 173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this condition, the side of the face, the side of the neck, the side of the fore-leg, interior of the belly and the hip, were dissected out in order to lay bare respectively the sciatic, the splanchnics, the median, the pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, and the infra-orbital nerves. These were excited by electricity for ten consecutive hours, during which time the animal must have suffered unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry. The inquisitors then left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim alone with the engine working upon it, till death came in the silence of the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. 4,111.)—Archives de Physiologie, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.

Betz, Fr. Hugo. M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan, Silesia, 1877.

Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,” Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wiss., 1874.

Made experiments on the brains of dogs.

Bezold, Albert Von. B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at Wurzburg. After studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went to Berlin to study physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he became the friend of Isidor Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In addition to the study of physiology, Bezold followed Virchow’s lectures on pathological anatomy and worked in the laboratory of Hoppe-Seyler, now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry at Tübingen. He became assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after called to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the nervus vagus produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff and Moleschott. Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where he extended the laboratory to be one of the most complete in Germany. While at Jena he had already enlarged the laboratory there, and had taken a journey to Edinburgh to superintend the arrangement of Dr. Bennett’s laboratory.

Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,” Leipsig, 1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung der Nerven und Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861.

Bianchi, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist. Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.

Bichat, Marie François Xavier. B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied at Nantes, Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of Desault, whose works he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished surgery to devote himself entirely to physiology. Physician to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he experimented with various drugs.

Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes en particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques sur la vie et la mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée à la Physiologie et à la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” Paris, 1802-1803, 5 vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, 5th Vol. by Roux.

“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.

“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living animals, which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with a turn-cock is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an artery is subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration is allowed free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The blood which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; it becomes analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is again opened, the blood once more takes a bright hue.”—Ibid., p. 336.

Bidder, Alfred Von. M.D. Berlin.

Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint author with M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,” 1852; Contrib. to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1867.

Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.—Traité de Physiologie, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.

Billroth, Theodor. B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. Surgeon, Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, Berlin, and Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, Zurich, 1860; Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.

Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen und speciellen Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und Lernen der Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” Vienna, 1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung der Blutgefässe, nebst Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c.

Binz, Carl. Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; studied Med. at Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 (Bonn); Private Prof. of Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; Prof. extraordinary and founder of Institute of Pharmacology University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary, 1873. Staff-Surgeon during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.

Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864; “Grinidzüge der Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868; “Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc.

Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and dogs.—Lancet, Nov. 3, 1883.

“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of hay or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the action of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly afterwards.”—Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines, T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.

Biondi, Adolfo, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof. Pathological Medicine, Royal University, Naples.

“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to remove a human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection of parts of four ribs which would permit the removal of a tumour sufficiently large to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I cannot observe, in the literature just at the moment accessible, that any other kinds of tumours occur in the lung, save those of hydatid origin, and those of a cancerous nature. If the tumour were hydatid, the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If the tumour proved to be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The facility with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs, from dogs, guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence of mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather than a help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy lung, collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a very easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased and adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is between normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is perfectly clear that these animals, with their deep and narrow chests, differ very much from us with our wide and shallow cavities, in their power of enduring the accident of acute pneumothorax; certainly they would differ from us immensely in the facility with which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their chests are built for the endurance of the special efforts of great speed, and we have lost those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if acute pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy adult human beings, death would be the immediate result in the great majority of the experiments.”—Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. Med. Journ., June 20, 1884.