Читать книгу Innovation Economics, Engineering and Management Handbook 1 - Группа авторов - Страница 52

The term “innovation” has given way to “capacity” in work relating to innovation systems over the last twenty years and, more particularly, in the context of developing countries, where the diffusion and absorption of foreign knowledge is positioned upstream of its constitution (Casadella and Uzunidis 2018).

Originally, innovation capacities proved to be relevant in the literature on technology transfer. Transfer is defined by UN regulations (1971) as the transfer of knowledge for the manufacture of a product or the provision of a service. It is a transfer of knowledge between firms belonging to different countries, an exchange of equipment or techniques from one country to another. Technology transfer can take place from one company to another, from one foreign country to another, from a research laboratory to a newly created or existing company. Part of the innovation process comes from this technology transfer. Technology transfer refers to the diffusion and the opportunity for actors and territories to reappropriate foreign technology (Casadella et al. 2015). Obviously, technology transfer alone is not enough to create dynamic innovation. It is the entire meso-, micro- and macroeconomic environment that must be considered, hence the importance of systemic interactions between productive and academic spheres and, above all, of the so-called “capacity” for innovation.

We first present the link between innovation capacities and learning dynamics, before looking at the diversity of these capacities and deducing the value of building skills within innovation systems.