Читать книгу Developmental Psychopathology - Группа авторов - Страница 51

Behavioral genetics separates variability in behavioral traits (e.g., aggression, anxiety) into heritability, environment.

Cross‐sectional design occurs when researchers do not sample variables over time. Data are collected at one time point.

Developmental milestones are indicators for how an individual has adapted and is functioning in their environmental context.

Developmental psychopathology is the study of the origins and course of individual patterns of behavior.

Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression due to environmental influences.

Equifinality refers to the idea that many different pathways or early experiences may lead to the same outcome or condition.

Gene–environment interactions occur when both genes and the environment predict behavior or other outcomes. In a statistical model, GxE refers to when the effect of a gene depends on an environmental factor or the effect of the environment depends on genotype.

Heterotypic continuity is defined as stability of an underlying construct that is exhibited differentially across development; that is, different disorders predict one another over time (e.g., anxiety predicting later depression).

Homotypic continuity is defined as stability in the same or similar behavioral responses over time; that is, the same disorder predicts itself over time (e.g., earlier depression predicting later depression).

Macro factors such as family environment, school, peer interactions, community, and cultural context.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a neuroimaging technique that is widely used because it is non‐invasive and can capture properties about brain structure and function.

Micro factors include neurobiological factors such as genetics, psychophysiology, brain functioning, as well as individual differences in temperament, cognition, and emotional responses.

Molecular genetics examines specific alleles or genetic markers that are associated with psychopathology.

Multifinality refers to how similar early experiences or risk factors lead to different outcomes with multiple levels of analyses.

Pathways refer to how individuals change and adapt over time and reach different outcomes or pathologies.

Person‐centered research designs examine the effects of risk/protective factors on subgroups of a sample.

Prospective longitudinal research designs follow a sample of individuals across time for multiple time points.

Protective factors buffer against risk, decrease the likelihood of adverse outcomes, and promote successful outcomes.

Psychopathology refers to mental disorders.

Randomized controlled trials are experimental designs where participants are randomized to treatment or control groups.

Reciprocal, transactional models propose that a child’s outcomes are a product of the bidirectional, continuous, dynamic interactions of the child and experiences provided by his or her family and social context.

Resilience refers to the capacity to avoid adverse outcomes and adapt successfully and competently, despite being at risk or experiencing adversity.

Retrospective design involves retrospective studies where subjects are asked to report on prior experiences, such as exposure to life stress, maltreatment, or other life experiences that occurred prior to the current point in time.Risk factors increase the likelihood of a negative outcome.