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Pellet and Flake Foods
ОглавлениеCommercial pellets and flakes are generally formulated with a mixture of animal‐based and plant‐based ingredients. Commercial diets have several benefits beyond convenience. Nutrient levels are generally formulated to meet or exceed known requirements. Water‐stable forms of nutrients are generally used. Finally, these commercial diet items can be manufactured to optimize fish feeding strategies, i.e. pellets may be made to sink quickly, slowly, float, or some combination, allowing animals to eat in their preferred location in the water column.
Table A4.5 Nutrient parameters of seafood items commonly fed to fish.
Source: Hoopes unpublished data. © John Wiley & Sons.
| Capelin (Mallotus villosus) | Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) | Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scrombus) | Silverside (Menidia menidia) | Anchovy (Engraulis mordax) | Lake smelt (Osmerus mordax) | Sardine (Sardinops sagax) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 20.3 | 31 | 27.5 | 25.1 | 29.7 | 17.6 | 28.3 |
| Energy (kcal/100 g) | 630.3 | 676.5 | 589.2 | 590.8 | 635.9 | 573.2 | 452.3 |
| Protein (%) | 60.4 | 50.9 | 71.0 | 61.4 | 52.5 | 74.6 | 76.5 |
| Fat (%) | 30.8 | 43.2 | 20.4 | 26.3 | 38.2 | 15.3 | 5.9 |
| Ash (%) | 9.35 | 7.25 | 9.49 | 10.22 | 10.89 | 9.58 | 19.47 |
| Carbohydrate (%)a | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| Ca (%) | 1.21 | 1.41 | 1.53 | 2.27 | 1.68 | 1.91 | 3.48 |
| P (%) | 1.57 | 1.35 | 1.70 | 2.01 | 1.55 | 1.71 | 2.48 |
| Mg (%) | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.22 |
| K (%) | 1.22 | 1.02 | 1.49 | 1.08 | 0.85 | 1.26 | 1.6 |
| Na (%) | 0.833 | 0.519 | 0.543 | 0.389 | 0.547 | 0.274 | 1.409 |
| Fe (mg/kg) | 42 | 54 | 90 | 33 | 198 | 27 | 305 |
| Zn (mg/kg) | 57 | 49 | 67 | 95.0 | 52 | 90 | 76 |
| Cu (mg/kg) | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2.0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Mn (mg/kg) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5.0 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Mo (mg/kg) | <0.1 | 0.2 | <1 | <1 | <0.1 | 0.1 | 1.7 |
| Co (mg/kg) | 1.06 | <0.01 | <1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.2 |
| S (%) | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 0.69 | 0.95 | 1.02 |
| Se (ppm) | 1.20 | 1.41 | 3.19 | 1.93 | 1.22 | 1.76 | 2.88 |
All values are on a dry matter basis.
a Carbohydrate calculated by difference.
Table A4.6 Nutrient parameters of crustaceans commonly fed to fish.
Source: Hoopes unpublished data. © John Wiley & Sons.
| Krill, blanched (Euphausia superba) | White shrimp, shell on, no head (Litopenaeus setiferus) | Blue crab, carapace removed (Callinectes sapidus) | Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) | Ghost shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus) | Mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 19 | 19.4 | 31.4 | 24.3 | 18.6 | 14.6 |
| Energy (kcal/100 g) | 571.6 | 487.3 | 306.9 | 381.2 | 484.1 | 458.1 |
| Protein (%) | 62.1 | 81.4 | 42.1 | 57.8 | 77.6 | 70.4 |
| Fat (%) | 22.2 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 2.6 | 7.8 | 5.6 |
| Ash (%) | 16.51 | 15.5 | 42.57 | 29.77 | 14.71 | 15.64 |
| Carbohydrate (%)a | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.2 | 9.8 | 0.0 | 8.4 |
| Ca (%) | 1.57 | 1.68 | 11.35 | 8.60 | 3.72 | 2.99 |
| P (%) | 1.37 | 1.32 | 1.36 | 0.92 | 1.78 | 1.55 |
| Mg (%) | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.61 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.50 |
| K (%) | 1.25 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.21 | 1.58 | 1.50 |
| Na (%) | 3.119 | 3.286 | 1.390 | 0.551 | 0.897 | 1.81 |
| Fe (mg/kg) | 41 | 23 | 597 | 553 | 29 | 54 |
| Zn (mg/kg) | 51 | 83 | 73 | 81 | 96 | 60 |
| Cu (mg/kg) | 79 | 12 | 46 | 38 | 98 | 28 |
| Mn (mg/kg) | 2 | 4 | 546 | 285 | 19 | 14 |
| Mo (mg/kg) | 0.2 | <0.1 | 0.3 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <5.6 |
| Co (mg/kg) | <0.01 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.89 | 0.55 | <5.6 |
| S (%) | 1.66 | 0.89 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.98 | ND |
| Se (ppm) | 7.06 | 1.19 | 1.42 | 1.94 | 1.25 | 1.75 |
All values are on a dry matter basis.
ND: not determined.
a Carbohydrate calculated by difference.
Table A4.7 Nutrient parameters of mollusks commonly fed to fish.
Source: Hoopes unpublished data. © John Wiley & Sons.
| Surf clam (Spisula solidissima) | Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) | Mussel (Mytilus edulis) | Squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 21.5 | 12.9 | 21.6 | 19.1 |
| Energy (kcal/100 g) | 481.6 | 465 | 498.2 | 564.7 |
| Protein (%) | 67.1 | 67.7 | 58.9 | 83.8 |
| Fat (%) | 3.3 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 9.3 |
| Ash (%) | 11.71 | 16.42 | 11.16 | 8.26 |
| Carbohydrate (%)a | 17.9 | 12.2 | 22.5 | 0.0 |
| Ca (%) | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.09 |
| P (%) | 1.00 | 3.60 | 0.93 | 1.3 |
| Mg (%) | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.38 | 0.24 |
| K (%) | 1.48 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 1.62 |
| Na (%) | 1.327 | 4.662 | 2.415 | 1.217 |
| Fe (mg/kg) | 407 | 27 | 91 | 14 |
| Zn (mg/kg) | 58 | 37 | 155 | 89 |
| Cu (mg/kg) | 8 | 1 | 6 | 95 |
| Mn (mg/kg) | 139 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
| Mo (mg/kg) | 0.6 | <1 | 0.4 | <0.1 |
| Co (mg/kg) | 2.36 | <1 | <0.01 | 0.47 |
| S (%) | 1.59 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 1.84 |
| Se (ppm) | 3.56 | 0.82 | 2.67 | 3.08 |
All values are on a dry matter basis.
a Carbohydrate calculated by difference.
Table A4.8 Nutrient parameters of other invertebrates commonly fed to fish.
Source: Hoopes unpublished data. © John Wiley & Sons.
| Bloodworms (Glycera dibranchiata) | Blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus) | Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) | Crickets, adult (Acheta domestica) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 8.5 | 14 | 17.8 | 28.5 |
| Energy (kcal/100 g) | 514.3 | 611.6 | 517.4 | 650.4 |
| Protein (%) | 43.2 | 65.7 | 61.5 | 61.5 |
| Fat (%) | 6.4 | 14.5 | 4.0 | 26.8 |
| Ash (%) | 3.27 | 5.4 | 15.2 | 5.61 |
| Carbohydrate (%)a | 47.1 | 14.4 | 19.3 | 6.1 |
| Ca (%) | 0.14 | 0.09 | 1.23 | 0.13 |
| P (%) | 0.61 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.87 |
| Mg (%) | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.2 | 0.10 |
| K (%) | 0.66 | 1 | 0.9 | 1.06 |
| Na (%) | 0.523 | 0.357 | 0.37 | 0.319 |
| Fe (mg/kg) | 544 | 1240 | 3890 | 57 |
| Zn (mg/kg) | 88 | 170 | 398 | 142 |
| Cu (mg/kg) | 14 | 22 | 14.0 | 34 |
| Mn (mg/kg) | 12 | 7 | 44.0 | 24 |
| Mo (mg/kg) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.7 | <1 |
| Co (mg/kg) | 0.17 | 1.63 | 7.60 | <1 |
| S (%) | 0.41 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.53 |
| Se (ppm) | 5.45 | 2.17 | 4.74 | 0.85 |
All values are on a dry matter basis.
a Carbohydrate calculated by difference.
