Читать книгу A Companion to Greek Warfare - Группа авторов - Страница 72

1 1 Most noteworthy are a few lyric fragments by Archilochus and Tyrtaeus and a few vase paintings from the mid-seventh century thought to represent closed formations (the Chigi Vase). See Echeverría 2008, 74–85. For recent interpretations of the Chigi Vase, see van Wees 2000a, 2004, 170–172; Hurwit 2002; Viggiano and van Wees 2013b, 67–68.

2 2 Nature and types of sources for Greek warfare: Hornblower 2007; Millett 2013.

3 3 Hanson 2013.

4 4 Morris 1987, 196; Rawlings 2000, 234; Cartledge 2001, 155; Matthew 2009, 395; Krentz 2010; 45; Kagan and Viggiano 2013b. See recently Konijnendijk 2016, 1–2, 2018, 22; Lloyd 2017, 234–235.

5 5 The “hoplite revolution” as a “modern construct”: Raaflaub 1993, 80. More on these theoretical difficulties: Lazenby and Whitehead 1996; Echeverría 2012.

6 6 Snodgrass 1964; see also 1965a, 1965b, 1967, 1971, 1980.

7 7 Main types: Bottini 1988; Bol 1989; Jarva 1995, 2013; Baitinger 2001. Treatments and descriptions of the “hoplite panoply”: Snodgrass 1964, 1967; Anderson 1970, 13–42; Cartledge 1977, 12–15; Anderson 1991; Hanson 1991b; Hunt 2007, 112–117; Krentz 2007a, 67–72; Jarva 2013, 397–412; Lee 2013, 147–149; Viggiano and van Wees 2013b.

8 8 Iconography of the hoplite panoply: Lorimer 1947; Greenhalgh 1973; Salmon 1977; van Wees 2000a; Viggiano and van Wees 2013b.

9 9 Particularly Assyrian and Persian influences. See Lee 2013; Raaflaub 2013a.

10 10 An estimated combined weight of 30–32 kg: Lorimer 1947; Cartledge 1977, 20, 1996; Hanson 1989, 55–88, 1991b; Dawson 1996, 48; Mitchell 1996, 89; Schwartz 2002; Jarva 2013, 398. The idea goes back to Rüstow and Köchly 1852, 44 and Delbrück 1887, 56. See Krentz 2010, 45–50 for discussion.

11 11 Lorimer 1947; Adcock 1957, 3–4; Greenhalgh 1973, 70–74; Cartledge 1977, 12–13, 1996; Salmon 1977; Hanson 1989, 1991a, 1991b; Bryant 1990; Mitchell 1996, 89–91; Schwartz 2002, 2009, 2013; Viggiano 2013. For a recent analysis of the discussion, see Krentz 2013a, 137–140, who situates the origin of the idea in Helbig 1909, 1911.

12 12 Lorimer 1947; Andrewes 1956, 32; Detienne 1968, 139 n. 108; Cartledge 1977, 13, 1996, 712; Bryant 1990, 498; Mitchell 1996, 89; Hanson 2000, 206; Schwartz 2002, 40.

13 13 This quality is used, for example, for chronological purposes: identifying the “hoplite panoply” in painted scenes allows us to date the appearance of the hoplite and, consequently, of the phalanx. This is the premise of most iconographical studies: Helbig 1911; Nilsson 1929; Lorimer 1947; Snodgrass 1965b, 1993; Greenhalgh 1973; Salmon 1977; Anderson 1991. See van Wees 2000a for a comprehensive discussion.

14 14 For discussion with further bibliography, see Jarva 1995; van Wees 2000a, 2004, 47–52; Lee 2013; Echeverría 2015.

15 15 General descriptions of “hoplite warfare”: Adcock 1957, 2–11; Anderson 1970, 1–9; Ridley 1979; Hanson 1983, 1989, 1991a, 1991b; Bryant 1990; Wheeler 1991a, 2007a; Bowden 1993; Dawson 1996, 47–52; Mitchell 1996; Santosuosso 1997; Morgan 2001; Trundle 2001; Lendon 2005, 39–57; Krentz 2007a, 72–77; de Souza 2008; Hunt 2009, 229–30; Lee 2013, 153–157. Theoretical discussions on the nature of “hoplite warfare”: Snodgrass 1965a, 1993; Detienne 1968; Cartledge 1977, 1996; Hanson 1983, 1989, 1991a, 1995, 2000; Krentz 1985a, 2007a, 2007b, 2013a; Connor 1988; Cawkwell 1989; Lazenby 1991; Wheeler 1991a, 2007a; Foxhall 1993; Mitchell 1996; Storch 1998; van Wees 2000a, 2004, 2013; Schwartz 2002; Rawlings 2007, 2013; Echeverría 2011; Lloyd 2017; Konijnendijk 2018.

16 16 Grote 1846, 106–107. The theme also appears in Fustel de Coulanges 1864. Kagan and Viggiano 2013b, 3, describe this background as “proto-orthodoxy”.

17 17 Whom Konijnendijk 2018, 7–12 aptly calls the “Prussians”: Rüstow and Köchly 1852; Droysen 1889; Bauer 1893; Beloch 1897; Lammert 1899; Delbrück 1900; Kromayer and Veith 1903, 1928.

18 18 I follow the treatment by Kagan and Viggiano 2013b as well as Konijnendijk.

19 19 Rüstow and Köchly’s axiom 1852, 118–120, noted by Konijnendijk 2018, 7–10.

20 20 Grundy 1911; Gomme 1945–1981; Adcock 1957; Anderson 1970; Pritchett 1971–1991.

21 21 Grundy 1911; Fraser 1942; Pritchett 1971–1991 IV; Krentz 1985a, 1994, 2013a; Cawkwell 1989; Luginbill 1994; Goldsworthy 1997; Schwartz 2002; van Wees 2004, 188–191; Rawlings 2007, 93–97; Matthew 2009. For a recent analysis of the discussion, see Krentz 2013a, 143–148.

22 22 Grote 1846, 106–107; Rüstow and Köchly 1852; Meyer 1884–1902, v.2 (1893); Grundy 1911; Weber 1922; Nilsson 1929.

23 23 Detienne 1968; Mossé 1968; Vidal-Naquet 1968; Garlan 1972; Ducrey 1985.

24 24 Rüstow and Köchly 1852, 144–145; Droysen 1889, 93–94; Lammert 1899, 21.

25 25 Detienne 1968; Pritchett 1971–1991, v.2; Cartledge 1977; Connor 1988; Hanson 1989, 1991a, 2000; Bryant 1990; Ober 1991, 1994; Dawson 1996, 49–52; Mitchell 1996.

26 26 Ober 1994.

27 27 Snodgrass 1965a, 1993, 2013; Krentz 1985a, 2000, 2002; Foxhall 1993, 2013; Rawlings 2000, 2007, 2013; van Wees 2000a, 2001, 2004, 2013. Terming these writers “revisionist”: Wheeler 2011, 79–104.

28 28 Snodgrass 1964, 1965a, 1965b, 1967, 1971, 1980.

29 29 Snodgrass 1964, 83–84, 89–90, 136–139, 193–204, 1965a, 110.

30 30 Snodgrass 1965a, 115, 1980, 101–102, 106–107.

31 31 Finley 1970; Salmon 1977; Murray 1980.

32 32 Latacz 1977.

33 33 Latacz 1977, 45–67, 224–245.

34 34 As argued by Raaflaub (2005, 2008, 2013a, 2013b), who accepts the existence of a “proto-phalanx” and thus rejects the larger thesis.

35 35 Pritchett 1971–1991 v.4, 1–44; Hanson 1995, 2000. French scholars added a different political color to this scholarship: a hoplite “republic of Equals” in which “political and military systems were perfectly homologous” (Detienne 1968, 140; my translation). See also Greenhalgh 1973; Cartledge 1977, 1996.

36 36 Meyer 1893; Helbig 1911; Weber 1922; Glotz 1928; Nilsson 1928, 1929; Ehrenberg 1932, 1937. Recent critique of the link between Aristotle and hoplite history: Echeverría 2008, 93–103; van Wees 2013.

37 37 Lorimer 1947.

38 38 Lorimer 1947, 76.

39 39 An analysis of technological determinism and hoplites: Echeverría 2008, 193–248, 2010. “Arms race” applied to Greece and hoplite warfare: Lorimer 1947, 108; Andrewes 1956, 38; Cartledge 1977, 18; Salmon 1977, 96; Holladay 1982, 99–100. “Peer-polity interactions”: Snodgrass 1986, 51–52.

40 40 Andrewes 1956.

41 41 Drews 1972 modified this view, arguing that the “hoplites” on which the would-be tyrants relied were not lower-class members of the community but mercenaries, and thus skipped the social transformation envisioned by others.

42 42 “Hoplite reform”: Snodgrass 1965a, 1965b; Detienne 1968; Greenhalgh 1973. Previous scholars had naturally conceived the idea of a military and political reform or revolution: Lorimer 1947, 92; Andrewes 1956, 38. I think the phrase “hoplite revolution” more appropriate, considering the nature of the social, political, and military changes ascribed to it.

43 43 Polignac 1984.

44 44 Morris 1987, 196–202.

45 45 Morris 1987, 19–42, 175–183, 1996.

46 46 Bryant 1990; Bowden 1993; Mitchell 1996; Osborne 1996; Storch 1998. Even Snodgrass (1993) reconsidered his old position in the light of the recent developments.

47 47 Nilsson 1928, 1929; Lorimer 1947; Snodgrass 1964, 1965a, 1965b.

48 48 Snodgrass 1965a, 1965b; Detienne 1968; Cartledge 1977, 2013a; Salmon 1977; Bryant 1990; Lazenby 1991; Hanson 1995; Kagan and Viggiano 2013a. Nilsson spoke of a “hoplite-state” already in 1929 (p. 9), so the potential for the spread of the term was already present.

49 49 Snodgrass 1964, 204. For a recent consideration of the terms hoplite and phalanx, see Echeverría 2012.

50 50 Hanson 1983, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2013.

51 51 For a recent discussion on the polis as a “community of warriors,” see Berent 2000, 273–285. The fundamental passages are Arist. Pol. 1265b 28–29, 1268a 21–23, 1279b 2–4, 1297b 1–2, 1329a 11–12.

52 52 For a synthesis and critique of these assumptions, see Echevverría 2008, 29–71, with Kagan and Viggiano 2013a, and also the syntheses in Bryant 1990, 494–500; Wheeler 1991a, Bowden 1993, 47–49; Cartledge 1996, 685–686; Raaflaub 1997, 49–50; Krentz 2007a, 61–65; Hunt 2009, 231–234; Viggiano 2013.

53 53 Keegan 1976.

54 54 The problem of the disappearance and reappearance of the hoplite mode of fighting: Hanson 1989, 1995, 1996; cf. Snodgrass on 2013, 92–93 on the end of the hoplite.

55 55 Schwartz 2002, 2009, 2013; Viggiano 2013.

56 56 Fundamentally by Foxhall 1993, 2013; van Wees 2000a, 2001, 2013. Further criticism on Hanson’s political and ideological bias in González and López-Barja 2012.

57 57 Van Wees 1986, 1988, 1992, 1994a, 1994b, 1996, 1997.

58 58 Krentz reassessed the weight of the panoply and found it much lighter than previously thought. This finding, too, made it easier to envision an open battlefield. See Krentz 2007a, 70–71, 2010, 50, 2013b, 135–137. Rawlings also questions the burden of the hoplite panoply (2000, 246–249).

59 59 Krentz 2010, 2013a, 2013b.

60 60 Krentz 2000, 2002, 2007a, 76–79.

61 61 Van Wees 2001, 2002, 2006, 2013.

62 62 Foxhall 1993, 1997, 2013.

63 63 Rawlings 2000.

64 64 Raaflaub 1993, 1996, 1997. Other critiques of the hoplite narrative, aside from those noted in this section: van Wees 1995; Raaflaub 2013a.

65 65 van Wees 2013. Other views of the problems of narrative and causation: Echeverría 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015; Konijnendijk 2016, 2018; Lloyd 2017.

66 66 Kagan and Viggiano 2013a, xvii.

67 67 Kagan and Viggiano 2013a, loc. cit.

68 68 “The silence of the record is so impressive that one should doubt the presuppositions of the ‘hoplite’ theory” (Sealey 1976, 57); “The ‘hoplite revolution’ must be listed among the great non-events of history” (Frost 1984, 293); “There is no evidence whatsoever to support the theory that there was a hoplite reform” (Morris 1987, 198); “We should begin by expelling from the closets of our textbooks two skeletons that have lingered there far too long. One is the theory that tyranny and hoplite phalanx were directly connected […]. The other skeleton is the theory of the ‘hoplite revolution’” (Raaflaub 1997, 53). See also Nafissi 2009, 129.

69 69 Foxhall 1997, 119. Military law remains a neglected field. There is no chapter on the subject in handbooks such as Lipsius 1905–1915, or Harrison 1968–1971, and recent essays are few; see, however, Naiden 2018, 103–104 with refs.

70 70 Viggiano 2013, 126.

71 71 Viggiano 2013, 119.

72 72 Van Wees 2013. Krentz also attempted an alternative interpretation of “hoplite warfare” (2002, 35–37), while Lloyd (2017, 239–246) specifically addresses the diversity of the Greek world in his own account. Another alternative is Morgan 2001.