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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 (a) Structure of a subunit of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger ...Figure 1.2 Molecular dynamics studies of the structure of the active site of wil...Figure 1.3 (a) Structure of laccase from Trametes versicolor elucidated by Bertr...Figure 1.4 Schematic of popular enzyme immobilization techniques. (a) Adsorption...Figure 1.5 Reactions of (a) primary and (b) secondary amines with aldehydes. (c)...Figure 1.6 Reactions of (a) primary and (b) secondary amines with epoxides. (c) ...Figure 1.7 (a) Schematic representation of a polarization curve for an ideal and...Figure 1.8 Structural and electronic modifications of supports to improve the el...Figure 1.9 Types of supports reported for biofuel cells.Figure 1.10 Schematic of the i − E curves for mediated and non-mediated electrod...Figure 1.11 Comparison of direct and mediated electron transfer in electrodes co...Figure 1.12 Characterization of the performance of a GOx anode and a Lac cathode...Figure 1.13 Integration of bioprocesses with microbial electrolysis cells (MEC).Figure 1.14 Overview of hypothetic mechanism for CH4 production from CO2. (a) In...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of a typical EFC.Figure 2.2 Photograph of a snail with implanted biocatalytic electrodes (Adapted...Figure 2.3 (a) Photograph of the implantation of microbioelectrodes into the rat...Figure 2.4 (a) Photograph of the biofuel cell sheet and LEDs connected with the ...Figure 2.5 Photograph of the contact lens encapsulated enzymatic biofuel cell an...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Progress in the advancements in the biofuel cell efficiency.Figure 3.2 Basic design of a biofuel cell.Figure 3.3 Fabrication and performance of a 1.5-ml MFC device. (a) Schematic pre...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A generalized schematic of an EBFC representing important components ...Figure 4.2 Schematic illustration of glucose oxidation by glucose oxidase in EBF...Figure 4.3 Different methods for the immobilization of enzymes.Figure 4.4 Different method for the enzyme immobilization on the support [39].Figure 4.5 Different methods of cross-linking enzymes for their immobilization [...Figure 4.6 A biocompatible EBFC based on bioelectrodes. EBFC components. Bioelec...Figure 4.7 Multiple sources of failure of implanted bioelectric devices [75].

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Working principle of a typical dual-chamber MFC.Figure 5.2 Main electron transfer mechanisms in microbial fuel cell (MFC).Figure 5.3 Integration of stacked MFC in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Da...Figure 5.4 Current applications of microbial fuel cell (MFC) platform.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic diagram of biofuel cell.Figure 6.2 Classification of fuel cell.Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of a biofuel cell (enzyme based). Reproduced with p...Figure 6.4 Various implanTable/wearable medical microelectronic devices: pacemak...Figure 6.5 (a) Photograph of a flexible paper based device with a carbon black t...Figure 6.6 (a) Schematic representation of CNTF-based biofuel cell and (b) schem...Figure 6.7 Rewrapping structure of the fuel cell fabricated by using MWCNT sheet...Figure 6.8 (a) Image of the wearable enzyme-based biofuel cell which is used to ...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 UV-Visible spectra of enzyme solution before immobilization (red) and...Figure 8.2 A typical CV of glucose oxidation onto Immobilized glucose oxidase su...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Various cell configuration of PBEC-FC.Figure 9.2 Working principle of dual chamber PS-BFC with biocatalyst on the cath...Figure 9.3 A coupled p-BFC with cathodic PBR half-cell.Figure 9.4 Single chamber p-BFC.Figure 9.5 The diagram of sediment PS-BFC.Figure 9.6 (a) Photovoltaic (PV)-electrolysis device schematic for solar water s...Figure 9.7 Mechanistic illustration of photoelectrode reactions under illuminati...Figure 9.8 (a) Energy diagram for the promotion and delivery of electron from mi...Figure 9.9 (a) Schematic diagram of a single chamber PE-BFC with the phtobioanod...Figure 9.10 Schematic diagram showing (a) a dual-chamber PE-BFC with the photobi...Figure 9.11 (a) FESEM image showing the G/CNT biofilm tightly attached to the ca...Figure 9.12 (a) The SEM image of BTNA, (b) photocurrent generation of BTNA and T...Figure 9.13 (a) The SEM images of TK/TiO2 and FDH-CH3V(CH2)9COOH electrode, (b) ...

9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Diagrammatic representation biological fuel cell which generating cu...Figure 11.2 Diagrammatic representation of half-biofuel cell.Figure 11.3 Classification of bio fuel cells.Figure 11.4 Diagrammatic representation of product type system. (a) Fermenter no...Figure 11.5 Mediated electron transfer and direct electron transfer process, (a)...Figure 11.6 Photo microbial biofuel cell.Figure 11.7 Different stages of fabrication of: (a) the microelectrode array, (b...

10 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Double chamber biofuel cell with bio anode and bio cathode.Figure 12.2 ORR pathways and their thermodynamic potentials.Figure 12.3 Summary of possible ORR pathways through different mechanisms.Figure 12.4 Typical polarisation curve featuring important zones and parameters ...Figure 12.5 (a) RRDE voltammograms at 1,600 rpm and 10 mV/s (b) Variation of num...Figure 12.6 Classification of cathode catalysts in biofuel cell.Figure 12.7 (a) RDE curves of MnO2/CNTs nanohybrids with mass content of CNTs 40...

11 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Basic schematic of a microbial desalination cell.Figure 13.2 Air cathode microbial desalination cell (adapted from Mehanna et al....Figure 13.3 Biocathode microbial desalination cell (adapted from Wen et al. [22]...Figure 13.4 Stacked microbial desalination cell (adapted from Kim & Logan [24]).Figure 13.5 Recirculation microbial desalination cell (adapted from Qu et al. [4...Figure 13.6 Microbial electrolysis and desalination and chemical production cell...Figure 13.7 Capacitive microbial desalination cell (adapted from Forrestal et al...Figure 13.8 Upflow microbial desalination cell (adapted from Jacobson et al. [31...Figure 13.9 Osmotic microbial fuel cell (adapted from Zhang & He [32]).Figure 13.10 Bipolar membrane microbial desalination cell (adapted from Kim & Lo...Figure 13.11 Decoupled microbial fuel cell.Figure 13.12 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation microbial desalination cell (...

12 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 First fuel cell appratus. Ox and hy represents oxygen and hydrogen. ...Figure 14.2 Electrochemical reaction take place at electrodes; fuel is added fro...Figure 14.3 A complex bipolar fuel cell stacking arranged vertically each cell h...Figure 14.4 Structures of MCFC. Modified from Reference [45].Figure 14.5 Schematic diagram of PEMFC with combination of DMFC hydrogen from an...Figure 14.6 Schematic diagram DMFC. Modified from Reference [34].Figure 14.7 Schematic diagram of AKFC. Modified from reference [45].Figure 14.8 Schematic diagram of MFCs. Modified from Ref. [60].Figure 14.9 A model of single and double-chambered MFC. Modified from Ref. [76].Figure 14.10 Schematic showing the aerobic and anaerobic chamber of MFC and high...Figure 14.11 Working principle of a MFCs. In the anode chamber, MED (mediators) ...Figure 14.12 In the anode chamber, transfer of electrons from electron donor (su...Figure 14.13 Generalized scheme of enzymatic biofuel cell. Anode is catalyzed by...Figure 14.14 Schematic representation of GBFC. Modified from Ref. [118].Figure 14.15 Single-walled carbon nanotubes based GBFC. Modified from Ref. [117]...

13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Conceptual framework for biofuel cells towards sustainability.

14 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 MFC cathode chambers along with possible electron acceptors.

15 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell.Figure 17.2 Schematic diagram of a typical two chambered Microbial Fuel Cell (MF...Figure 17.3 Enzymatic biofuel cell (Mediator electron transfer based).