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High‐performance CPR: the pit crew approach

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Based on the emerging concepts described above, appreciation has developed for the importance of doing CPR in a very high‐quality and more precise manner and for providing the other components of resuscitation in a more measured approach. Achieving these goals requires a team of EMS personnel working together in a carefully choreographed way. Some have suggested that rescuers at a cardiac arrest scene should function like a racing pit crew, each very skilled, with a specific task or tasks, and working in a synchronized manner.

This concept also emphasizes and includes practice sessions on high‐quality performance: assuring continuous chest compressions with proper depth, rate, and recoil, and changing compressors every 100–200 compressions. It means coordinating defibrillation, such as charging the defibrillator with 20 or so compressions left in the cycle, so the operator can quickly assess the rhythm and push to shock as soon as the compressor is off the chest. The first two responders should position themselves on each side of the chest, and while one (EMS1) starts compressions, the other (EMS2) applies the defibrillation pads and turns on the monitor. As EMS1 finishes the first round of compressions, the rhythm is analyzed. If a shockable rhythm is found, EMS2 can defibrillate and then begin chest compressions. Meanwhile, EMS1 is relieved of compressing (for 1 minute), and he or she should insert an oral airway and place an oxygen mask or ventilate with a bag‐valve‐mask. When EMS2 is relieved for his or her minute break, he or she looks for IV or intraosseous access and administers epinephrine. The rhythm should be checked every 200 compressions or every 2 minutes. As more personnel arrive, attention can be paid to ventilation and placement of an advanced airway (endotracheal intubation or supraglottic airway). Finally, the team leader should reassess all ongoing therapies, monitor function, and consider potentially treatable specific conditions.

Emergency Medical Services

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