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In spontaneously breathing patients, EMS personnel may deliver supplemental oxygen using nasal cannulas or oxygen masks. The nasal cannula provides low‐flow (2–5 L/min) oxygen in inhaled fractions (FiO₂) from 0.2 to 0.4 (for convenience we will use the percentage convention: 20%–40%). Oxygen masks used in the prehospital setting include simple facemasks (6–10 L/min oxygen delivery, 40%–60% FiO₂) and nonrebreather masks (10–15 L/min oxygen delivery, close to 100% FiO₂).

Nasal cannulas and facemasks are designed for patients with spontaneous respiratory drive and intact protective airway reflexes. Patients with frank respiratory compromise or apnea should receive bag‐valve‐mask (BVM) ventilation support or advanced airway management.