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In two-tank indirect systems, different fluids are used as the HTF and storage material. In cases when HTF is expensive or HTF is not well suited to be used as storage materials, such a system can be implemented. The storage material from the low-temperature storage tank flows through an extra heat exchanger. The fluid is heated by the high-temperature HTF in the heat exchanger. The high-temperature storage material then returns back to the high-temperature storage tank. The HTF exits the heat exchanger at a low temperature returning to the receiver system to absorb heat again to continue the cycle. As observed in a two-tank direct system, storage material from the high-temperature tank is further used to generate steam. In contrast to the direct system, an extra heat exchanger is needed in an indirect system, making this system costlier.

Table 1.1 CSP projects with parabolic trough receiver concepts integrated with thermal energy storage systems (data collected from NREL).

Parabolic trough CSP projects	Thermal energy storage (TES)	Thermal energy storage capacity	Storage description and material
Airlight Energy Ait-Baha Pilot Plant	Packed bed	5 hour(s)	Packed-bed of rocks
Andasol-1 (AS-1)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Andasol-2 (AS-2)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Andasol-3 (AS-3)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hours	Molten salts
Archimede	2-tank direct	8 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Arcosol 50 (Valle 1)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Arenales	2-tank indirect	7 hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
ASE Demo Plant	2-tank direct	4.27 MWh-t	Molten salt
Ashalim (Negev)	2-tank indirect	4.5 hours	Molten salts
Aste 1A	2-tank indirect	8 Hours	Molten salts 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate
Aste 1B	2-tank indirect	8 Hours	Molten salts 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate
Astexol II	2-tank indirect	8 Hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate
Bokpoort	2-tank indirect	9.3 hours	Molten salt
Casablanca	2-tank indirect	7.5 hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Chabei 64MW Molten Salt Parabolic Trough project	2-tank direct	16 hours	Molten salt
Delingha 50MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project	2-tank indirect	9 hours	Molten salt
DEWA CSP Trough Project	2-tank indirect	15 hours	Molten salt
Diwakar	2-tank indirect	4 hours	Molten Salt
Extresol-1 (EX-1)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Extresol-2 (EX-2)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Extresol-3 (EX-3)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Gansu Akesai 50MW Molten Salt Trough project	2-tank direct	15 hours	Molten salt
Gujarat Solar One	2-tank indirect	9 hours	Molten salt
Gulang 100MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project	2-tank indirect	7 hours	Molten salt
Ilanga I	2-tank indirect	5 hours	Molten salt
Kathu Solar Park	2-tank indirect	4.5 hours	Molten salt
KaXu Solar One	2-tank indirect	2.5 hours	Molten salts
KVK Energy Solar Project	2-tank indirect	4 hours	Molten salt
La Africana	2-tank indirect	7.5 hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
La Dehesa	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
La Florida	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Manchasol-1 (MS-1)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Manchasol-2 (MS-2)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
NOOR I	2-tank indirect	3 hours	Molten salt
NOOR II	2-tank indirect	7 hours	Molten salt
Rayspower Yumen 50MW Thermal Oil Trough project	2-tank indirect	7 hours	Molten salt
Shagaya CSP Project	2-tank indirect	9 hours	Molten salt
Solana Generating Station (Solana)	2-tank indirect	6 hours	Molten salt
Solar Electric Generating Station I (SEGS I)	2-tank direct	3 hour(s)	Molten salt
Termesol 50 (Valle 2)	2-tank indirect	7.5 hour(s)	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Termosol 1	2-tank indirect	9 hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Termosol 2	2-tank indirect	9 hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
Urat Royal Tech 100MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project	2-tank indirect	10 hours	Molten Salt
Xina Solar One	2-tank indirect	5 hours	Molten salt
Yumen 50MW Thermal Oil Trough CSP project	2-tank indirect	7 hours	Molten salt

Table 1.2 CSP projects with linear Fresnel receiver concepts integrated with thermal energy storage systems (Data collected from NREL).

Linear fresnel CSP projects	Thermal energy storage (TES)	Thermal energy storage capacity	Storage description and material
Dacheng Dunhuang 50MW Molten Salt Fresnel project	2-tank direct	13 hours	Molten salt
eCare Solar Thermal Project	Other	2 hours	Steam drum
eLLO Solar Thermal Project (Llo)	Other	4 hours	Steam drum
IRESEN 1 MWe CSP-ORC pilot project	Other	20 minutes	Buffer
Puerto Errado 2 Thermosolar Power Plant (PE2)	Single-tank thermocline	0.5 Hours	Ruth’s tank
Urat 50MW Fresnel CSP project	2-tank indirect	6 hours	Molten salt
Zhangbei 50MW DSG Fresnel CSP project	Other	14 hours	Solid state formulated concrete
Zhangjiakou 50MW CSG Fresnel project	Other	14 hours	Solid state formulated concrete

Table 1.3 CSP projects with central receiver (power tower) concepts integrated with thermal energy storage systems.

Power tower CSP projects	Thermal energy storage (TES)	Thermal energy storage capacity	Storage description and material
Atacama-1	2-tank direct	17.5 hours	Molten salt
Aurora Solar Energy Project	2-tank direct	8 hours	Molten salt
Copiapó	2-tank direct	14 hours	Molten salt
Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project (Tonopah)	2-tank direct	10 hours	Molten salt
Dahan Power Plant	Other	1 hour	Saturated steam/oil
DEWA CSP Tower Project	2-tank direct	15 hours	Molten salt
Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant (Gemasolar)	2-tank direct	15 hour(s)	Molten salt
Golden Tower 100MW Molten Salt project	2-tank direct	8 hours	Molten salt
Golmud	2-tank direct	15 hours	Molten salt
Greenway CSP Mersin Tower Plant	Other	4 MW/h	Molten salt
Hami 50 MW CSP Project	2-tank direct	8 hours	Molten salt
Huanghe Qinghai Delingha 135 MW DSG Tower CSP Project	2-tank indirect	3.7 hours	Molten salt
Jemalong Solar Thermal Station	2-tank direct	3 hours	Liquid sodium
Jülich Solar Tower	Other	1.5 hours	Ceramic heat sink
Khi Solar One	Other	2 hours	Saturated steam
Likana Solar Energy Project	2-tank direct	13 hours	Molten salt
MINOS	2-tank indirect	5 hours	Molten salt 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate
NOOR III	2-tank direct	7 hours	Molten salt
Qinghai Gonghe 50 MW CSP Plant	2-tank direct	6 hours	Molten salt
Redstone Solar Thermal Power Plant	2-tank direct	12 hours	Molten salt
Shangyi 50MW DSG Tower CSP project	2-tank indirect	4 hours	Molten salt
Shouhang Dunhuang 10 MW Phase I	2-tank direct	15 hours	Molten salt
Shouhang Dunhuang 100 MW Phase II	2-tank direct	11 hours	Molten salt
SUPCON Delingha 10 MW Tower	2-tank direct	2 hours	Molten salt
SUPCON Delingha 50 MW Tower	2-tank direct	7 hours	Molten salt
Tamarugal Solar Energy Project	2-tank direct	13 hours	Molten salt
Yumen 100MW Molten Salt Tower CSP project	2-tank direct	10 hours	Molten salt
Yumen 50MW Molten Salt Tower CSP project	2-tank direct	6 hours	Molten salt

Gujarat Solar One (Technology Parabolic Trough), a commercial plant developed by Cargo Solar Power, operates at a temperature range of 293ºC-393ºC and 9 hours storage capacity involving molten salt. Extresol-1, a commercial plant in Spain, developed by ACS/Cobra Group, uses storage system of capacity 7.5 hour(s). The storage material is a combination of various materials with 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate. Similarly, a large number of concentrating solar power (CSP) projects with all receiver concepts (except for dish system) use an active two-tank indirect storage system. The summary is listed in Tables 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3.