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The ideal preoperative data base includes a complete blood count, serum or plasma biochemistry panel, and a urinalysis. Additional diagnostics may be indicated based on the species and the medical problem being addressed. For example, mice and rats are prone to mycoplasmosis pneumonia, and preoperative chest radiographs are indicated prior to anesthesia in these species. While it may be difficult to obtain a urine sample from a small rodent, they are prone to developing renal insufficiency later in life, so it is important to evaluate urine specific gravity and a dipstick for proteinuria. These can be done with two drops of urine that can be obtained by placing the patient in a plastic or glass container for several minutes. In ferrets, it is important to determine the blood glucose level prior to anesthesia because they are prone to forming insulinomas. In very small patients, it may not be feasible to take enough blood for all of the abovementioned diagnostics. At a minimum determine a hematocrit, total protein, blood urea nitrogen (azotemia test strip), glucose, and urine specific gravity.