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The numerous solar thermal applications are categorized from the absorption of solar radiation either directly or indirectly. If the solar energy is used for generation of thermal energy resources of various industrial and domestic appliances [13] in order to avoid the lack of dependence on fossil fuel sources, then the solar energy also helps to eliminate the toxic gas production, enormously mainly like as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide [14]. Even though, some practical difficulties are faced in coupling the solar thermal energy into various processes as dilute and some other natural solar radiation forms.

The consumption of energy distribution generally shows that approximately 13% of industrial thermal usage needs lesser amount of temperatures upto 100°C and then around 27% needs about 200°C [15] and rest of few more appliances requires a higher temperatures in the field of steel and glass processing industries. Many of the industries needs a heat in few components of their operational applications [12]. Heat utilization is involved in variety of industrial operations for a different ranges of temperature as low, medium, and high, approximately 20° to 240°C [16]. Table 1.7 shows the industrial processing units and requirements of temperature.

Table 1.7 Utilization of heat in industries and their operating temperature ranges [17].

S.no	Industries	Processes	Range of temperatures [°C]
1	Dairy Industry	Sterilization Pressurization Concentrates Boiler feed water Drying	100 to 120 100 to 120 60 to 80 60 to 90 120 to 180
2	Textile Industry	Bleaching and Dyeing Degreasing Fixing Press	60 to 90 100 to 130 160 to 180 80 to 100
3	Chemical Industry	Preheating water Soaps Synthetic rubber	60 to 80 200 to 260 150 to 200
4	Paper Industry	Drying Bleaching	60 to 80 130 to 150
5	Bricks and blocks	Curing	60 to 140
6	Meat	Washing Sterilization Cooking	60 to 90 60 to 90 90 to 100
7	Plastics	Preparation and Blending Distillation and Separation Separation	120 to 140 140 to 160 200 to 220

The commonly used solar thermal radiations in domestic and industrial operations are as follows [18]:

 ✓ Solar water heating

 ✓ Steam generation

 ✓ Solar drying

 ✓ Space cooling and refrigeration

 ✓ Solar distillation

 ✓ Cooking

 ✓ Power generation