Читать книгу Atlas of Endoscopic Ultrasonography - Группа авторов - Страница 36
Linear scanning
ОглавлениеThe balloon should be deflated or inflated only slightly to provide good acoustic coupling with the tissue. The mediastinum is imaged by first finding the descending aorta starting at the cardia. The examination can be performed by rotating 360 degrees from the cardia, then withdrawing the shaft 4–5 cm and performing another rotation. Alternatively, one can survey from the cardia to the cervix, then rotating 90 degrees and repeating the maneuver until the whole mediastinum is examined. It is useful to use the following five stations as described by Deprez (Videos 3.1.1–3.1.3). For radial examination, see Video 3.2.
Table 3.1 Mediastinal lymph node stations with their anatomical correlations.
| Level | Anatomical correlation |
|---|---|
| Superior mediastinal lymph nodes | |
| 1 | Highest mediastinal |
| 2 | Upper paratracheal |
| 3 | Prevascular and retrotracheal |
| 4 | Lower paratracheal (including azygos nodes) |
| Aortic lymph nodes | |
| 5 | Aortopulmonary (AP) window or subaortic |
| 6 | Para‐aortic (ascending aorta and phrenic) |
| Inferior mediastinal lymph nodes | |
| 7 | Subcarinal |
| 8 | Paraesophageal (below carina) |
| 9 | Pulmonary ligament |
| N1 lymph nodes | |
| 10 | Hilar |
| 11 | Interlobar |
| 12 | Lobar |
| 13 | Segmental |
| 14 | Subsegmental |
Figure 3.2 Types of echoendoscopes: (a) linear probe; (b) endobronchial probe; (c) radial probe.
