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Timeline of Roman History

Parentheses indicate an approximate date

Period	Date	Military	Political	Social	Cultural	Religious
Monarchy	753 BCE		Traditional date for Foundation of City of Rome	(Romulus creates patricians, plebeians, and patron–client relationships)		(Cult of Hercules arrives in Rome)
Early Republic	509		Traditional date for Foundation of Roman Republic		Etruscan terracotta statues	Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
	494	Local skirmishes	Traditional date for First Secession of Plebs	Struggle of Orders (Traditional dates 494–287 BCE)		Temple of Castor and Pollux
	451–50				Twelve Tables written
	431					Temple of Apollo
	396	Conquest of Veii				Evocatio of Juno Regina
	390	Gallic Sack of Rome			Destruction (?) of City
	367		Creation of praetor	Plebeians eligible for consulship	(Construction of “Servian” wall)
	341-338	War vs. Latin League	Settlement of 338		(Manipular Organization of Army)
	326			Abolition of Nexum slavery
	312				Aqua Appia and Via Appia constructed
	304				Publication of legis actio
	290	Conquest of Samnium complete			(Capitoline Brutus)	Temple C of Largo Argentina
Middle Republic	280–275	Wars vs. Pyrrhus in S. Italy			(Introduction of Roman coinage)
	270			Death of Scipio Barbatus
	264–241	First Punic War			(Livius Andronicus)
	218–202	Second Punic War
	218	Hannibal crosses Alps into Italy
	216	Hannibal destroys 100 000 Roman soldiers			(Naevius)
	212				Marcellus brings Greek art from Sicily
	204				(Fabius Pictor)	Magna Mater brought to Rome
	202	Scipio invades N. Africa; victory over Carthage			(Plautus)
	200–146	Conquest of Greece and Asia Minor		(Massive Influx of enslaved persons)	(development of formulary procedure)
	195			Repeal of lex Oppia	(Ennius)
	186				(Terence)	Bacchanalia incident
	184		Censorship of Cato the Elder		Basilica Porcia
	177			Italian recruitment difficulties
	171			Spurius Ligustinus
	169			lex Voconia
	167	Victory in Greece	Triumph of Aemilius Paullus		Polybius arrives in Rome
	161			lex Fannia sumptuary legislation
	160			(Cornelia raises the Gracchi brothers)	(Cato’s On Agriculture)
	154				Stone theater in Rome destroyed
	149				Creation of first permanent court
	149–146	Third Punic War
	147				First marble temple in Rome
	146	Destruction of Carthage and Corinth
	139		Introduction of Secret Ballot		(Lucilius)
Late Republic	133		Tiberius Gracchus
	122		Gaius Gracchus	(Tombstone of Claudia)
	107	(Army reforms)	First consulship of Marius
	104				First election for Pontifex maximus
	91–89	Social War		Italians gain full citizenship	(Jurist Mucius Scaevola)
	88	War vs. Mithridates	Sulla marches on Rome	Massacre of Italians in Asia
	82–79		Sulla’s dictatorship	Cicero and Terentia marry	(Appearance of Dressel amphorae)
	80				First surviving amphitheater at Pompeii
	70		Cicero’s prosecution of Verres		(Veristic portraits, e.g. statue of general from Tivoli)
	67–63	Pompey the Great conquers East
	60		“First Triumvirate” formed		(Catullus)
	59	Caesar’s Campaigns in Gaul	Consulship of Julius Caesar	Pompey marries Julia
	55				Theater of Pompey built
	53			Tiro gains free status	(Cicero)
	49	Civil War between Pompey and Caesar	Caesar crosses Rubicon
	48–44		Dictatorship of Caesar
	46			Cicero and Terentia divorce	Dedication of Forum of Caesar
	45			Death of Tullia
	44		Caesar assassinated			Caesar deified after his death
	31	Battle of Actium
	27		Octavian becomes Augustus, first Roman Emperor
	25				Livy publishes first five books of history
	20				(Horace, Ovid, Sulpicia active)
	19 BCE				Vergil dies; Aeneid published after death
	79 CE				Eruption of Vesuvius buries Pompeii
	450				(Oldest surviving manuscript of Terence)
	529				Justinian’s Digest published
	1748				Rediscovery of Pompeii
	1764				Winckelmann argues that white statuary is ideal
	1789		Authors of Federalist Papers use Roman pseudonyms
	2020				White supremacists deploy SPQR as symbol

A Social and Cultural History of Republican Rome

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