| Abbreviation | Explanation |
| 3GPP2 | 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 |
| 5G | 5th Generation |
| 5GAA | 5G Automotive Association |
| 5GC | 5G Core |
| 5G‐NTN | 5G Non‐Terrestrial Network |
| 6G | 6th Generation |
| AD | Anomaly Detection |
| AFL | Agnostic Federated Learning |
| AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| AIaaS | AI‐as‐a‐Service |
| API | Application Programming Interface |
| APS | Angular Power Spectrum |
| APSM | Adaptive Projected Subgradient Method |
| ARCEP | Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes |
| ARIB | Association of Radio Industries and Businesses |
| AS | Autonomous System |
| ASIC | Application‐Specific Integrated Circuit |
| ATIS | Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |
| B2B | Business‐to‐Business |
| B2C | Business‐to‐Consumer |
| B5G | Beyond 5G |
| BBUs | Baseband Units |
| BGP | Border Gateway Protocol |
| BN | Boundary Nodes |
| BOM | Business, Operation, and Management |
| BS | Base Station |
| BSS | Business Support System |
| BW | Bandwidth |
| CAPEX | Capital Expenses |
| CBRS | Citizen Broadband Radio System |
| CCNx | Content‐Centric Networking |
| CCSA | China Communications Standards Association |
| CDMA | Code Division Multiple Access |
| CeTI | Centre for Tactile Internet with Human‐in‐the‐Loop |
| CFN | Computer‐First Networking |
| C‐ITS | Cooperative Intelligent Transport System |
| CN | Core Network |
| COINRG | Computing in the Network Research Group |
| COTS | Commercial Off The Shelf |
| CP | Control Platform |
| CPM | Collective Perception Message |
| CPNP | Connectivity Profile Negotiation Protocol |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| CR | Common Randomness |
| C‐RAN | Cloud‐RAN |
| CSAE | China Society of Automotive Engineers |
| CS | Channel Sounder |
| CSI | Channel State Information |
| CSI | Channel Side Information |
| CU | Centralized Unit |
| CUPS | Control User Plane Separation |
| D/A | Digital to Analogue |
| DCAE | Data Collection, Analytics, and Events |
| DC | Data Center |
| DDoS | Distributed Denial of Service |
| DetNet | Deterministic Networking |
| DFG | Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |
| DI | Deterministic Identification |
| DINRG | Decentralized Internet Infrastructure |
| DMC | Discrete Memoryless Channel |
| DNN | Deep Neural Network |
| DoS | Denial of Service |
| DPI | Deep Packet Inspection |
| DRL | Deep Reinforcement Learning |
| DSCP | Differentiated Services Code Point |
| DU | Distributed Unit |
| EE | Energy Efficiency |
| EI | Enrichment Information |
| eLSA | Evolved License Shared Access |
| EM | Electromagnetic |
| eMBB | Enhanced Mobile Broadband |
| EROI | Energy Return on Energy Injected |
| ETSI | European Telecommunications Standards Institute |
| FD | Full Duplex |
| FDM | Frequency Division Multiplexing |
| FH | Fronthaul |
| FL | Federated Learning |
| FLOP | Float Point Operation |
| FPGA | Field‐Programmable Gate Array |
| FR2 | Frequency Range 2 |
| FSS | Fixed Satellite Service |
| FSS | Frequency Selective Surface |
| GDPR | General Data Protection Regulation |
| GEO | Geostationary Earth Orbit |
| gNB | Next‐Generation NodeB |
| GPP | General‐Purpose Platform |
| GPU | Graphics Processing Unit |
| GSM | Global System for Mobile Communication |
| GSMA | GSM Association |
| GTP | GPRS Tunnel Protocol |
| HAP | High‐Altitude Platform |
| HD | Half Duplex |
| HDFS | Hadoop Distributed File System |
| HDS | High Impedance Surface |
| HFT | High‐Frequency Trading |
| HMD | Head‐Mounted Device |
| HRV | High‐Risk Vendor |
| HTS | High Throughput Satellite |
| ICDT | Information, Communication, and Data Technology |
| ICT | Information and Communication Technology |
| IDF | Identification with Feedback |
| IMT | International Mobile Telecommunications |
| IoE | Internet of Everything |
| IoT | Internet of Things |
| IP | Intellectual Property |
| IPFS | Interplanetary File System |
| IRTF | Internet Research Task Force |
| ISL | Inter‐Satellite Link |
| ISTN | Integrated Space and Terrestrial Network |
| IT | Information Technology |
| ITU | International Telecommunication Union |
| JCSS | Joint Communication Sensor Systems |
| KPI | Key Performance Indicator |
| K‐V | Key Values |
| LEO | Low Earth Orbit |
| LF | Linux Foundation |
| LISP | Locator/ID Separation Protocol |
| LPWAN | Low‐Power Wide‐Area Network |
| LTE | Long‐Term Evolution |
| M2M | Machine‐to‐Machine |
| MAC | Media Access Control |
| MAMOKO | Molecular Communication |
| MC‐CDMA | Multi‐Code CDMA |
| MCTS | Monte Carlo Tree Search |
| MDA | Mandate‐Driven Architecture |
| MDAS | Management Data Analytics Service |
| MEC | Mobile Edge Computing |
| MEO | Medium Earth Orbit |
| mHealth | Mobile Health |
| MIMO | Multi‐Input Multi‐Output |
| MIoT | Massive IoT |
| ML | Machine Learning |
| M‐MIMO | Massive MIMO |
| MMSE | Minimum Mean Square Error |
| mMTC | Massive Machine Type Communications |
| MSS | Mobile Satellite Service |
| NAS | Non‐Access Stratum |
| NAT | Network Address Translator |
| NCSC | National Cyber Security Centre |
| NDN | Named Data Networking |
| NF | Network Function |
| NFV | Network Function Virtualization |
| NGP | Next‐Generation Protocols |
| NIA | Network Index Address |
| NIC | Network Interface Controller |
| NIN | Non‐IP Networking |
| NN | Neural Network |
| NOMA | Non‐Orthogonal Multiple Access |
| NRI | Non‐Randomized Identification |
| NRT | Non‐Real‐Time |
| NRT‐RIC | Non‐Real‐Time RAN Intelligent Controller |
| NSF | National Science Foundation |
| NWDA | Network Data Analytic |
| NWDAF | Network Data Analytics Function |
| OAM | Operation and Management |
| OBO | Output Back‐off |
| OBP | On‐Board Processor |
| OFDMA | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access |
| OPEX | Operational Expenditure |
| O‐RAN | Open Radio Access Network |
| OSC | O‐RAN Software Community |
| OT | Operation Technology |
| OTF | Open Testing Framework |
| OTIC | Open Testing and Integration Center |
| OTN | Optical Transport Network |
| P4 | Programming Protocol‐Independent Packet Processors |
| PAPR | Peak‐to‐Average Power Ratio |
| PCE | Path Communication Element |
| PCF | Policy Control Function |
| PE | Provider Edge |
| PFNM | Probabilistic Federated Neural Matching |
| PHY | Physical |
| PISA | Protocol‐Independent Switch Architecture |
| PLC | Programmable Logic Control |
| PN | Pseudo‐Noise |
| PS | Public Safety |
| PSCE | Public Safety Communication Europe Forum |
| QoE | Quality of Experience |
| QoS | Quality of Service |
| RAN | Radio Access Network |
| RANDA | Radio Access Network Big Data Analysis Network Architecture |
| rApp | Radio Application |
| RCA | Root Cause Analysis |
| ReLU | Rectified Linear Unit |
| RI | Randomized Identification |
| RIC | Radio Intelligent Controller |
| RIC | RAN Intelligent Controller |
| RIS | Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface |
| RKHS | Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces |
| RLNC | Random Linear Network Coding |
| RRC | Radio Resource Control |
| RT | Real‐Time |
| SA | System Aspect |
| SBA | Service‐Based Architecture |
| SBI | Service‐Based Interface |
| SDL | Shared Data Layer |
| SDN | Software‐Defined Networking |
| SDO | Standard Development Organization |
| SDR | Software‐Defined Radio |
| SE | Spectrum Efficiency |
| SFC | Service Function Chaining |
| SFP | Service Function Path |
| SGD | Stochastic Gradient Descent |
| SLA | Service‐Level Agreement |
| SLA | Service Layer Agreement |
| SNR | Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio |
| SOM | Service Order Management |
| SRv6 | Segment Routing Based on IPv6 |
| TCO | Total Cost of Ownership |
| TDM | Time Division Multiplex |
| TDMA | Time Division Multiple Access |
| TIP | Telecom Infrastructure Project |
| TSDSI | Telecommunications Standards Development Society |
| TSN | Time‐Sensitive Networking |
| TTA | Telecommunication Technology Association |
| TTC | Telecommunication Technology Committee |
| TTI | Transmission Time Interval |
| UAV | Unmanned Aerial Vehicle |
| UDN | Ultradense Network |
| UMTS | Universal Mobile Telecommunication System |
| UN IPCC | United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| UP | User Plane |
| UPF | User Plane Function |
| URLLC | Ultrareliable Low‐Latency Communication |
| V2X | Vehicle to Everything |
| VHTS | Very High Throughput Satellites |
| VM | Virtual Machines |
| VNA | Vector Network Analyzers |
| VNF | Virtual Network Function |
| VPN | Virtual Private Network |
| VRU | Vulnerable Road User |
| VSAT | Very Small Aperture Terminals |
| WBD | Wireless Big Data |
| WWW | World Wide Web |
| YOY | Year over Year |
| ZB | Zettabytes |
| ZSM | Zero‐Touch Network and Service Management |
