Читать книгу Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook - Группа авторов - Страница 3

1 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Mass balance for bauxite and alumina in 2018 (all figures as alumina,...Figure 3.2 World consumption of ATH by markets, 2018 (%) [4].Figure 3.3 Volume split within mineral filler flame retardants based on flame re...Figure 3.4 Three synthetic routes for the production of boehmites.Figure 3.5 Typical particle shapes according to R. Rothon [18].Figure 3.6 SEM of some alumimium hydrates: a) 4m²/g precipitated ATH with “porou...Figure 3.7 PSD curves of fine precipitated ATH (left), ground ATH (middle) and c...Figure 3.8 Principle of powder rheometer and comparison of characteristic data f...Figure 3.9 TGA curves for hydromagnesite, huntite and a commercial blend (left) ...Figure 3.10 Water uptake of 4m²/g ATH grades in EVA (61.3 wt.-% filler loading)....Figure 3.11 Heat conductivity as a function of ATH filling level in UP resin. In...Figure 3.12 Scheme of the processes involved during burning of a metal hydroxide...Figure 3.13 LOI in dependence of loading level in EVA (19 % VA-content).Figure 3.14 LOI in dependence of BET-surface area of metal hydroxide filler. 61....Figure 3.15 Smoke density over time of an UP resin loaded with increasing parts ...Figure 3.16 Smoke Rate Release over time measured by cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m...Figure 3.17 Heat Release Rate of plasticised PVC with increasing ATH load (at 50...Figure 3.18 Heat Release Rate (HRR) of EVA (19 %VA) filled with 61.3 wt.-% of me...Figure 3.19 Chemical working function of industrially most important coupling ag...Figure 3.20 Pyramid of commonly applied cable standards for buildings according ...Figure 3.21 Tensile strength (TS, broken line) and elongation at break (E@B) in ...Figure 3.22 Impact resistance, LOI and UL94V rating of PBT compound containing 2...Figure 3.23 MVR of PBT compounds (20 % glass fibre) in dependence of FR-composit...Figure 3.24 Influence of glass fibre reinforcement on LOI for different resin ty...Figure 3.25 Sketch for the hand lamination (left) and SMC process.Figure 3.26 Relative viscosity of UP filled with different ATH and increasing fi...

2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Number of publications (all types) and patents (extracted from the da...Figure 4.2 Intumescent polylactide (PLA) during a cone calorimeter experiment. N...Figure 4.3 (a) HRR curves as a function of time of intumescent PP (external heat...Scheme 4.1 Chemical reaction occurring during the expansion of silicates.Figure 4.4 Intumescent silicate-based coating prepared in a furnace at high temp...Figure 4.5 (a) viscosity and swelling as a function of temperature of an epoxy-b...Figure 4.6 Internal structure of an intumescent char observed by X-ray tomograph...Figure 4.7 Snapshots as a function of time of a burning intumescent epoxy-based ...Figure 4.8 Melabis and b-MAP synthesis.Figure 4.9 Synthesis of melamine salts of pentaerythritol phosphate (MPP or b-MA...Figure 4.10 Phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant.Figure 4.11 Synthesis of macromolecular triazines derivatives as char former for...Figure 4.12 Reaction scheme for the calcium salt formation in EBA copolymer cont...Figure 4.13 HRR as a function of time of pure TPU and TPU/FQ-POSS composite (ext...Figure 4.14 Cotton fabric coated with intumescent bi-layers subjected to vertica...Figure 4.15 HRR curves as a function of time for PU, PU/APP, PU/APP-MgO, PU/APP-...Figure 4.16 X-ray tomography picture of the inner structure of the char formed b...Figure 4.17 X-ray tomography picture of the inner structure of the char formed b...Figure 4.18 Standard fire test curves.Figure 4.19 Temperature as function of time on the backside of steel plate prote...Figure 4.20 (a–d), pictures as a function of time of the foaming specimens recor...Figure 4.21 (a) scheme of the H-TRIS bench-scale test and (b) analysis of an int...Figure 4.22 (a) Picture and scheme of the horizontal burner test bench (from Ref...Figure 4.23 Intumescent coating on steel plate during the burnthrough test (a) i...Figure 4.24 (a) Schematic description of the jetfire bench-scale test (note heat...Figure 4.25 Temperature as a function of time measured on the backside of steel ...Figure 4.26 Intumescent coating of geopolymer containing borax after fire testin...Figure 4.27 (a) X-ray tomography of GP foam showing the internal foamy structure...Figure 4.28 IPML before and after fire testing at the burnthrough test, delamina...

3 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Linear APP.Figure 5.2 Branched APP, n > 1000.Figure 5.3 Reaction scheme for intumescence and char formation by APP.Figure 5.4 UL 94 testing with APP flame retarded polypropylene (left).Figure 5.5 Dependency of LOI on loading level of Exolit^® AP 760 in polypropylene...Figure 5.6 Smoke density (D_S) of burning PP (V-0, 1.6 mm) with different flame r...Figure 5.7 Heat release rate and rate of smoke release of polyurethane foam with...Scheme 5.1 Reaction between melamine and toluene diisocyanate.Figure 5.8 Thermogravimetric analysis of melamine and some of its salts.Figure 5.9 Structure of melamine cyanurate.Figure 5.10 UL94 V0 test of polyamide containing 6% MC during first and second a...Figure 5.11 Structure of melamine phosphates.Figure 5.12 Polyamide compound with MPP under UL94 V test conditions.Figure 5.13 Concentration of MPP to get UL94 V-0 in PA66 depending on the glass ...Figure 5.14 Metal modified MPP products by Floridienne Chimie (Safire^® 400, Safi...Scheme 5.2 Melamine and its condensation products.Figure 5.15 Hindered N-alkoxy amine stabilizer Flamestab^® NOR^® 116.Figure 5.16 Polypropylene film samples with and without NOR-116 after burning in...Scheme 5.3 Mode of action of N-alkoxy hindered amines.Figure 5.17 Cyclic spirophosphonate used as synergist for N-alkoxy hindered amin...Figure 5.18 Thermogravimetric analysis of various phosphazenes.Figure 5.19 TGA of phospham, PON and mixtures with PBT.Figure 5.20 Polymer of piperazine and cyanuric acid as described by MCA Technolo...Figure 5.21 Heat release rate and smoke release of polypropylene with 10% and 20...

4 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Carbon vs. silicon chemistry.Figure 6.2 Schematic representation of catalysis charring mechanism of PP/clay n...Figure 6.3 Heat release rate of polystyrene modified with Dow Corning RM 4-7081 ...Figure 6.4 Char formation in PC incorporated with silicone.Figure 6.5 Char formation in PC incorporated with silicone [110].

5 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Schematic illustration of a) graphene, b) graphene oxide (GO), c) red...Figure 7.2 Chitosan.Figure 7.3 Phytic acid.Figure 7.4 Molecular structure of Firebrake^®ZB (zinc borate) (zinc ions complexi...Figure 7.5 SEM of an IM7 carbon fiber after 20 min thermal treatment at 600 °C (...Figure 7.6 Fiber diameter at the surface of the irradiated side of 2-mm thick RT...Figure 7.7 Melamine diborate.Figure 7.8 Hexagonal boron nitride lattice and nanosheet (on the right). (left s...Figure 7.9 Boron phosphate.Figure 7.10 Macromolecule prepared from p-formylphenylboronic acid, pentaerythri...

6 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Schematic representation of: (a) heat and mass exchange at the surfac...Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of a single step and a multi step deposition...Figure 8.3 Characterization from ref [33] performed on CS/P-CNF LbL assembly: (a...Figure 8.4 Results from ref [56] describing cotton treated by PAH/SPS LbL assemb...Figure 8.5 Results from ref [63] describing cotton treated by BPEI/PSP-complexes...Figure 8.6 Results from ref [77] describing wool treated by PhA. SEM micrographs...Figure 8.7 Results from ref [86] describing cotton treated by BPEI/PhA LbL follo...Figure 8.8 Results from ref [90] describing cotton treated by APP/MMT nanocoatin...Figure 8.9 Results from ref [95] describing PET treated by Al2O3 coated SNP/SNP ...Figure 8.10 Results from ref [99] describing PET treated by BPEI/OSA LbL. HFST r...Figure 8.11 Results from ref [45] describing PET treated by PDAC/PAA/PDAC/APP Lb...Figure 8.12 Schematization of the procedure adopted in ref [112]. CH and MMT are...Figure 8.13 Results from ref [118] describing PET treated by BPEI/OSA LbL post c...Figure 8.14 Schematization and images of the lab-scale pilot plant employed in r...Figure 8.15 Schematization of the LbL deposition process of CS/P-CNF employed in...Figure 8.16 Results from ref [33] describing PU foams treated by CS/P-CNF LbL as...Figure 8.17 VFST results from ref [135] describing PU foams treated by pyrene-BP...Figure 8.18 Real scale during real scale chair mockup test results from ref [143...Figure 8.19 Burn-through fire test results of 8 BL CS/VMT coating from ref [145]...Figure 8.20 Flame penetration test results of 6 BL PDAC/GO 0.5 M coating from re...Figure 8.21 Cone calorimetry test results of a PAA+MMT/PDAC+BOH/APP+MMT coating ...Figure 8.22 Schematic representation of the procedure adopted to coat wood fiber...Figure 8.23 Flammability and cone calorimetry results of nanocellulose aerogels ...Figure 8.24 Schematic representation of the procedure adopted to LbL coat PU foa...Figure 8.25 Characterization from ref [178] investigating the penetration depth ...Figure 8.26 Characterization from ref [184] investigating the effects of cone ca...Figure 8.27 Characterization from ref [188] investigating the resistance to flam...Figure 8.28 Schematic representation of the procedure adopted in ref [191] to co...

7 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Nonlinear dependence of the flame-retardancy effect on the concentrat...Figure 9.2 Synergy, an additional mechanism improves the efficiency so that the ...Figure 9.3 Fire residue design: Complex fire residue morphologies.

8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Periodic table of flame retardants.Figure 10.2 Metal + Polymer chelates.Figure 10.3 Metal complexes reported to have activity as FRs.Figure 10.4 General alkyne cross-linking mechanism.Figure 10.5 Alkyne containing flame retardants.Figure 10.6 Deoxybenzoin monomer.Figure 10.7 The Friedel-Crafts Reaction.Figure 10.8 Polycarbonate decomposition and char formation.Figure 10.9 Phytic acid.Figure 10.10 Examples of polymeric and reactive non-halogenated flame retardants...