Читать книгу Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook - Группа авторов - Страница 42

1. Georlette, P., Simons, J., Costa, L., Halogen-containing Fire-Retardant Compounds, in: Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, A.F. Grand and C.A. Wilkie (Eds.), pp. 245–284, Marcel Dekker, 2000.

2. Levchik, S.V., Phosphorus-based FRs, in: Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook, A.B. Morgan and C.A. Wilkie (Eds.), pp. 17–74, Wiley, New York, 2014.

3. Levchik, S.V. and Weil, E.D., A review of recent progress in phosphorus-based flame retardants, J. Fire Sci., 24, 345, 2006.

4. Levchik, S.V. and Weil, E.D., Developments in phosphorus flame retardants, in: Advances in Fire Retardant Materials, A.R. Horrocks and D. Price (Eds.), pp. 41–66, Woodhead, Boca Raton, FL, 2008.

5. Hoerold, S., Phosphorus-based and intumescent flame retardants, in: Polymer Green Flame Retardants, C.D. Papaspyrides and P. Kiliaris (Eds.), pp. 221–254, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014.

6. Joseph, P. and Ebdon, J.R., Phosphorus-based flame retardants, in: Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, C.A. Wilkie and A.B. Morgan (Eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 107–127, 2009.

7. Jain, P., Choudhary, V., Varma, I.K., Flame Retarding Epoxies with Phosphorus, J. Macromol. Sci., Polym. Rev., C42, 139, 2002.

8. Schartel, B., Phosphorus-based flame retardancy mechanisms - old hat or a starting point for future development? Materials, 3, 4710, 2010.

9. Flammability: A New Look at Age-old Problem. Dimensions, Tech. News Bull. NBS, 58, 6, 130, 1974.

10. I. Sakon, Red phosphorus flame retardant and nonflammable resinous composition containing the same, US Patent 4879067, assigned to Rinkagaku Kogyo, November 7, 1989.

11. Uske, K. and Ebenau, A., A plea for red phosphorus. flame-retardant polyamides, Kunststoffe Int., 9, 130, 2013.

12. Y. Kinose, A. Inoue, T. Nagayama, Modified red phosphorus, method of producing the same, decolorized red phosphorus composition and flame-retardant polymer composition, US Patent 7045561, assigned to Nippon Chemical, May 16, 2006.

13. A. Koenig, T. Erdmann, M. Roth, K. Uske, J. Engelmann, A. Ebenau, M. Klatt, Pale-colored flame-retardant polyamides, US Patent 9388341, assigned to BASF, July 12, 2016.

14. P. Baierweck, D. Zeltner, G. Heiner, K. Ulmerich, K. Muehlbach, M. Gall, Flameproofed black polyamide molding materials, US Patent 5405890, assigned to BASF, April 11, 1995.

15. Weil, E.D., Formulation and modes of action of red phosphorus, in: Proc. BCC Conf. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Stamford, CT, May 2000.

16. M. Wagner, W. Podszun, H. Peerling, Microencapsulation of red phosphorus, US Patent 6846854, assigned to Bayer, January 25, 2005.

17. M. Suzuki, K. Hironaka, J. Haruhara, Fire-retardant resin compositions, European Patent 0978540, assigned to Teijin, December 7, 2005.

18. S. Hoerold and J. Laubner, Stabilized red phosphorus material and a process for its preparation, US Patent 6645625, November 11, 2003.

19. W. Nielinger, K.H. Herrmann, D. Michael, Stabilized red phosphorus and its use for flameproofing thermoplastic polyamide molding compositions, US Patent 4550133, assigned to Bayer, October 29, 1985.

20. Y. Bonin and J. LeBlanc, Fire-resistant polyamide compositions, US Patent 4985485, assigned to Rhone-Poulenc, January 15, 1991.

21. Gatti, N., New red phosphorus masterbatches find new application areas in thermoplastics, Plast. Add. Compound., 34, April 2002.

22. Huggard, M.T., Phosphorus flame retardants – activation ‘synergists, in: Proc. BCC Conf. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Stamford, CT, May 1992.

23. M.-K. Lim, Fire-retardant composition of an alloy of polyamide and polyester resins, US Patent 9765217, assigned to Rhodia, September 19, 2017.

24. A. Koenig, S. Xue, K. Uske, M. Roth, Flame-retardant thermoplastic molding composition, US Patent 8629206, assigned to BASF, January 14, 2014.

25. M. Roth, M. Heussler, K. Uske, C. Minges, Polyamide with phosphorus and Al phosphonates, PCT Patent Application WO 2018/234429, assigned to BASF, December 27, 2018.

26. M. Roth, K. Uske, C. Minges, Glow wire resistant polyamides, US Patent 9828503, assigned to BASF, November 28, 2017.

27. Alfonso, G.C., Costa, G., Pasolini, M., Russo, S., Ballistreri, A., Montaudo, G., Puglisi, C., Flame-resistant polycaproamide by anionic polymerization of e-caprolactam in the presence of suitable flame-retardant agents, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 31, 1373, 1986.

28. Levchik, S.V., Levchik, G.F., Balabanovich, A.I., Camino, G., Costa, L., Mechanistic study of combustion performance and thermal decomposition behaviour of nylon 6 with added halogen-free fire retardants, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 54, 217, 1996.

29. Suebsaeng, T., Wilkie, C.A., Burger, V.T., Carter, J., Brown, C.E., Solid products from thermal decomposition of polyethylene terephthalate: investigation by CP/MAS 13C-NMR and Fourier Transform-IR spectroscopy, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 22, 945, 1984.

30. Schartel, B., Kunze, R., Neubert, D., Red phosphorus-controlled decomposition for fire retardant PA 66, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83, 2060, 2002.

31. Kuper, G., Hormes, J., Sommer, K., Macromol. Chem. Phys., In situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the k-edge of red phosphorus in polyamide 6,6 during a thermo-oxidative degradation, 195, 1741, 1994.

32. Levchik, S.V., Weil, E.D., Lewin, M., Thermal Decomposition of Aliphatic Nylons, Polym. Int., 48, 532, 1999.

33. Granzow, A., Account. Chem. Res., Flame retardation by phosphorus compounds, 11, 177, 1978.

34. Peters, E.N., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Flame-retardant thermoplastics. I. polyethylene - red phosphorus, 24, 1457, 1979.

35. Gatti, N. and Costanzi, S., Is red phosphorus an effective solution for flame proofing polyolefin articles?, in: Flame Retardants 2004, pp. 133–138, Interscience Communication, London, 2004.

36. Wu, Q., Lu, J., Qu, B., Polym. Int., Preparation and characterization of microcapsulated red phosphorus and its flame-retardant mechanism in halogen-free flame retardant polyolefins, 52, 1326, 2003.

37. K. Yamauchi, H. Matsuoka, H. Matsumoto, T. Inoue, Flame retardant resin composition, US Patent 6136892, assigned to Toray, October 24, 2000.

38. S. Oishi, M. Yoshi, W. Hiraishi, Magnesium hydroxide particles, process for producing the same, and resin composition containing the particles, US Patent 6676920, assigned to Kyowa, January 13, 2004.

39. Savas, L.A., Deniz, T.K., Tayfun, U., Dogan, M., Effect of microcapsulated red phosphorus on flame retardant, thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composites filled with huntite and hydromagnesite mineral, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 135, 121, 2017.

40. Mostashari, S.M., The superiority of red phosphorus over polymetaphosphate as flame-retardants on cellulosic substrates, Cellulose Chem. Technol., 43, 199, 2009.

41. B. Klesczewski, M. Otten, S. Meyer-Ahrens, Method for producing flame-retardant polyurethane foam materials having good long-term use properties, European Patent 2451856, assigned to Bayer, December 11, 2013.

42. H. Schmidt, G. Ng, L. Tang, P. Pepic, D. Ulman, Isocyanate-based polymer foam having improved flame retardant properties, European Patent 2922921, assigned to Proprietect, January 30, 2019.

43. Pecht, M. and Deng, Y., Electronic device encapsulation using red phosphorus flame retardants, Microelectr. Rel., 46, 53, 2006.

44. Y. Kinose, R. Imamura, A. Inoue, T. Hata, E. Okuno, Red phosphorus-base flame retardant for epoxy resins, red phosphorus-base flame retardant compositions therefor, processes for the production of both, epoxy resin compositions for sealing for semiconductor devices, sealants and semiconductor devices, US Patent 6858300, assigned to Nippon Chemical, February 22, 2005.

45. Brown, D., The return of the red retardant, in: Proc. 2016 Pan Pacific Microelectronics Symp, Big Island, Hawaii, January, 2016.

46. Chen, Z., Du, J., Li, X., Xie, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, J., Yang, R., Failure behavior of nylon products for red phosphorus flame retardant electrical connectors, RSC Adv., 9, 24935, 2019.

47. L. Sequeira, Fire retardant epoxy resin formulations and their use, European Patent 2956497, assigned to Hexcel, January 2017.

48. J.J. Sang, F. Lenzi, J.E. Meegan, L. Macadams, Y. Zhao, D.K. Kohli, Multifunctional surfacing material with burn-through resistance, PCT Patent Application WO2017/117383, assigned to Cytec, July 6, 2017.

49. Le Bras, M., Camino, G., Bourbigot, S., Delobel, R. (Eds.), Fire retardancy of polymers: the use of intumescence, Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication 224, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1998.

50. Bourbigot, S., Le Bras, M., Duquesne, S., Rochery, M., Recent advances for intumescent polymers, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 289, 490, 2004.

51. Alongi, J., Han, Z., Bourbigot, S., Intumescence: tradition versus vovelty. A comprehensive review, Progr. Polym. Sci., 51, 28, 2015.

52. Bourbigot, S. and Duquesne, S., Intumescence-based fire retardants, in: Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, C.A. Wilkie and A.B. Morgan (Eds.), pp. 129–162, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009.

53. Camino, G. and Delobel, R., Intumescence, in: Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, A.F. Grand and C.A. Wilkie (Eds.), pp. 217–243, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000.

54. Jindasuwan, S., Sukmanee, N., Supanpong, C., Suwan, M., Nimittrakoolchai, O., Supothina, S., Influence of hydrophobic substance on enhancing washing durability of water soluble flame-retardant coating, Appl. Surf. Sci., 275, 239, 2013.

55. J.R. Johnson, K.Y.M., Chan, C., Wang, Formaldehyde-free flame retardant compositions and their use for manufacturing durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials, US Patent 9675998, assigned to Winnitex, June 13, 2017.

56. E. van der Meulen, Fireproof and fire-retardant composition, PCT Patent Application WO 2008/150157, assigned to Finifire, December 11, 2008.

57. Nama, S., Condon, B.D., White, R.H., Zhao, Q., Yao, F., Cintrón, M.S., Effect of urea additive on the thermal decomposition kinetics of flame retardant greige cotton nonwoven fabric, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 738, 2012.

58. Parikh, D.V., Nam, S., He, Q., Evaluation of three flame retardant (FR) grey cotton blend nonwoven fabrics using Micro-Scale Combustion Calorimeter, J. Fire Sci., 30, 187, 2012.

59. El-Tahlawy, K., Chitosan phosphate: A new way for production of eco-friendly flame-retardant cotton textiles, J. Textile Inst., 99, 185, 2008.

60. El-Tahlawy, K., Eid, R., Sherif, F., Hudson, S., Chitosan: a new route for increasing the efficiency of stannate/phosphate flame retardants on cotton, J. Textile Inst., 99, 157, 2008.

61. Nair, G.P., Mechanisms of flame retardancy in cotton fabrics and studies on durability of the finish. A novel method to retain the efficacy of the finish wash after wash, Colourage, p. 29, June 2000.

62. J. Zhang, J. Horton, X.H. Gao, Method of conferring fire retardancy to wood and fire-retardant wood products, US Patent 9669564, assigned to Koppers Performance Chemicals, July 6, 2017.

63. D.-W. Son, Flame retardant composition for wood, flame retardant wood, and method for manufacturing the same, US Patent 10093813, assigned to Korean National Institute of Forest Science, October 9, 2018.

64. Grexa, O. and Utike, H., Flammability parameters of wood tested on a cone calorimeter, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 74, 427, 2001.

65. Terzi, E., Kartal, S.N., White, R.H., Shinoda, K., Imamura, Y., Fire performance and decay resistance of solid wood and plywood treated with quaternary ammonia compounds and common fire retardants, Eur. J. Wood Prod., 69, 41, 2011.

66. Gao, M., Yang, S., Yang, R., Flame retardant synergism of GUP and boric acid by cone calorimetry, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 102, 5522, 2006.

67. G. Sun, Flame-retardant and corrosion-resistant fiber bamboo substrate and preparation method thereof, US Patent 9751810, assigned to Wuxi Boda Bamboo and Wood Industrial, September 5, 2017.

68. Holmes, C.A. and Knispel, R.O., Exterior weathering Durability of some leach-resistant fire-retardant treatments for wood shingles: a five-year report, 1981, USDA Research Report FPL403.

69. A. Deholm, Fire retardant paper, US Patent 7510628, assigned to FF Seely Nominees Pty, March 31, 2009.

70. Vroman, I., Lecoeur, E., Bourbigot, S., Delobel, R., Guanidine hydrogen phosphate based flame-retardant formulations for cotton, J. Ind. Tex., 34, 27, 2004.

71. Shen, C.Y., Stahlheber, N.E., Dyroff, D.R., Preparation and characterization of crystalline long-chain ammonium polyphosphate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 62, 1969.

72. Liu, G., Liu, X., Yu, J., A novel process to prepare ammonium polyphosphate with crystalline form II and its comparison with melamine polyphosphate, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 49, 5523, 2010.

73. Liu, G., Chen, W., Liu, X., Yu, J., Controllable synthesis and characterization of ammonium polyphosphate with crystalline form V by phosphoric acid process, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 95, 1834, 2010.

74. Weil, E.D., Fire-protective and flame-retardant coatings - a state-of-the-art review, J. Fire Sci., 29, 259, 2011.

75. Camino, G. and Costa, L., Mechanism of intumescence in fire retardant polymers. Rev. Inorg. Chem., 8, 69, 1986.

76. Vandersall, H.L., Intumescent coating systems, their development and chemistry, J. Fire Flammability, 2, 97, 1971.

77. Futterer, T., A Review about the use of novel intumescent flame retardants in thermoplastic materials, in: Proc. Fall FRCA Conference, pp. 141–142, Cleveland, OH, October 2002.

78. Cogen, J.M., Jow, J., Lin, T.S., Whaley, P.D., New approaches to halogen free polyolefin flame retardant wire and cable compounds, in: Proc. 52nd IWCS/Focus International Wire & Cable Symposium, Philadelphia, PA, November 2004.

79. T. Ihara, Y. Koshiro, S. Suzuki, Flame retardant polyurethane resin composition and making method, US Patent 8093318, assigned to Shin-Etsu, January 10, 2012.

80. Bertelli, G., Goberti, P., Marchetti, E., Camino, G., Luda di Cortemiglia, M.P., Costa, L., Structure-Char Forming Relationship in Intumescent Fire Retardant Systems, in: Fire Safety Science, Proc. 3rd Int. Symp, G. Cox and B. Langford (Eds.), Edinburgh, July, 1991, Elsevier, London, p. 537, 1991.

81. R. Nalepa and D. Scharf, Two-component intumescent flame retardant, US Patent 5204392, assigned to Clariant, April 20, 1993.

82. R. Pernice, M. Checchin, A. Moro, R. Pippa, Olefin or styrene (co)polymer, triazine polymer, ammonium phosphate and phosphorite, US Patent 5514743, assigned to Enichem, May 1996.

83. B.L. Kaul, Polytriazinyl compounds as flame retardants and light stabilizers, US Patent 8202924, assigned to MCA Technologies, June 19, 2012.

84. Enescu, D., Frache, A., Lavaselli, M., Monticelli, O., Marino, F., Novel phosphorous-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant system. Its effects on flame retardancy and thermal properties of polypropylene, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 98, 297, 2013.

85. Le Bras, M., Bourbigot, S., Felix, E., Pouille, F., Siat, C., Traisnel, M., Characterization of a polyamide 6-based intumescent additive for thermoplastic formulations, Polymer, 41, 5283, 2000.

86. Hoerold, S., Walz, R., Zopes, H.-P., Halogen-free additives meet rail standards, Reinforced Plast., 40, January 2000.

87. Reilly, T., Flame retarded thermoset materials based on phosphorus chemistry, Paper presented at annual meeting of Thermoset Resin Formulators Association (TRFA), Pittsburgh, PA, September 2009.

88. Ricciardi, M.R., Antonucci, V., Zarrelli, M., Giordano, M., Fire behavior and smoke emission of phosphate-based inorganic fire retarded polyester resin, Fire Mater., 36, 203, 2012.

89. Chen, Z., Jiang, M., Chen, Z., Chen, T., Yu, Y., Jiang, J., Preparation and characterization of a microencapsulated flame retardant and its flame-retardant mechanism in unsaturated polyester resins, Powder Technol., 354, 71, 2019.

90. Shih, Y.-F., Wang, Y.-T., Jeng, R.-J., Wei, K.-M., Expandable graphite systems for phosphorus-containing unsaturated polyesters. I. Enhanced thermal properties and flame retardancy, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 86, 339, 2004.

91. Yang, H., Liu, H., Jiang, Y., Chen, M., Wan, C., Density effect on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and combustibility of rigid polyurethane foam modified by expandable graphite or ammonium polyphosphate, Polymers, 11, 668, 2019.

92. J.L. Clatty and D.L. McCalmon, Water-blown, flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam, PCT Patent Application WO 2007/075251, assigned to Bayer, July 5, 2007.

93. J.W. Rosthauser, Process for the production of medium density decorative molded foams having good fire retardant properties with reduced mold times, fire retardant compositions and foams produced by this process, US Patent 8097658, assigned to Bayer, January 17, 2012.

94. Meng, X.-Y., Ye, L., Zhang, X.-G., Tang, P.-M., Tang, J.-H., Ji, X., Li, Z.-M., Effects of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 114, 853, 2009.

95. Hu, X.M. and Wang, D.M., Enhanced fire behavior of rigid polyurethane foam by intumescent flame retardants, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 129, 238, 2013.

96. Li, J., Mo, X., Li, Y., Zou, H., Liang, M., Chen, Y., Influence of expandable graphite particle size on the synergy flame retardant property between expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate in semi-rigid polyurethane foam, Polym. Bull., 75, 5287, 2018.

97. Chen, X.-Y., Huang, Z.-H., Xi, X.-Q., Li, J., Fan, X.-Y., Wang, Z., Synergistic effect of carbon and phosphorus flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foams, Fire Mater., 42, 447, 2018.

98. Xing, W., Yuan, H., Zhang, P., Yang, H., Song, L., Hu, Y., Functionalized lignin for halogen-free flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam: preparation, thermal stability, fire performance and mechanical properties, J. Polym. Res., 20, 234, 2013.

99. Yao, W., Wang, H., Guan, D., Fu, T., Zhang, T., Dou, Y., The effect of soluble ammonium polyphosphate on the properties of water blown semirigid polyurethane foams, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2017, ID 5282869.

100. Lewin, M. and Endo, M., Catalysis of intumescent flame retardancy of polypropylene by metallic compounds, Polym. Adv. Technol., 14, 3, 2003.

101. Amigouet, P. and Shen, K., Talc/zinc borate: potential synergisms in flame retardant systems, in: Proc Flame Retardants 2006, pp. 155–162, Interscience Communication, London, 2006.

102. Bourbigot, S., Le Bras, M., Breant, P., Tremillon, J.-M., Delobel, R., Zeolites: new synergistic agents for intumescent fire retardant thermoplastic formulations - criteria for the choice of the zeolite, Fire Mater., 20, 145, 1996.

103. Scharf, D., Nalepa, R., Heflin, R., Wusu, T., Studies on flame retardant intumescent char: part I, Fire Saf. J., 19, 103, 1992.

104. Horrocks, A.R., Wang, M.Y., Hall, M.E., Sunmonu, F., Pearson, J.S., Polym. Int., 49, 1079, 2000.

105. Kandola, B.K. and Horrocks, A.R., Complex char formation in flame-retarded fiber/intumescent combinations: physical and chemical nature of char, Textile Res., J. 69, 374, 1999.

106. Kandola, B.K. and Horrocks, A.R., Complex char formation in flame-retarded fibre-intumescent combinations – IV. Mass loss and thermal barrier properties, Fire Mater., 24, 265, 2000.

107. Horrocks, R., Developments in flame retardants for heat and fire resistant textiles - the role of char formation and intumescence, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 54, 143, 1996.

108. M.P. Jones, J.D. Small, Jr., J.H. Walton, A.F. Baldwin, Jr., Z. Mikaelian, W.S. Kinlaw, Flame resistant filler cloth and mattresses incorporating same, US Patent 8513145, assigned to Precision fabrics, August 20, 2013.

109. Weil, E.D. and McSwigan, T., Melamine phosphates and pyrophosphates in flame retardant coatings: old products with new potential, J. Coating Technol., 66, 75, 1994.

110. Weil, E.D. and McSwigan, B., Melamine phosphate flame retardants, Plast. comp., p. 31, May–June 1994.

111. Costa, L., Camino, G., Luda di Cortemiglia, M.P., Mechanism of thermal degradation of fire-retardant melamine salts, in: Fire & Polymers, Am. Chem. Soc. Symposium Ser. 425, G. Nelson (Ed.), pp. 211–238, Washington, DC, 1990.

112. S. Imanishi, Flame retardant polyolefin resin composition, US Patent 6921783, assigned to Daicel, July 18, 2005.

113. Lai, X., Zeng, X., Li, H., Liao, F., Zhang, H., Yin, C., Preparation and properties of flame retardant polypropylene with an intumescent system encapsulated by thermoplastic polyurethane, J. Macromol. Sci., Phys., 51, 35, 2012.

114. Chen, X. and Jiao, C., Flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene material, Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 817, 2011.

115. Lai, X., Zeng, X., Li, H., Liao, F., Yin, C., Zhang, H., Synergistic effect between a triazine-based macromolecule and melamine pyrophosphate in flame retardant polypropylene, Polym. Compos., 33, 35, 2012.

116. Liu, S.-H., Kuan, C.-F., Kuan, H.-C., Shen, M.-Y., Yang, J.-M., Chiang, C.-L., Preparation and flame retardance of polyurethane composites containing microencapsulated melamine polyphosphate, Polymers, 9, 407, 2017.

117. T. Dave and W. Wehner, Triazine compounds containing phosphorous as flame retardants, US Patent 8754154, assigned to JM Huber, June 17, 2014.

118. H.-G. Koestler, T. Dave, W. Wehner, Flame protection agent compositions containing triazine intercalated metal phosphates, US Patent 9708538, assigned to JM Huber, July 18, 2017.

119. Mueller, P. and Schartel, B., Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: performance, modes of action, and synergy J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 133, 43549, 2016.

120. T. Dave and W. Wehner, Triazine compounds containing phosphorous as flame retardants, US Patent 9200122, assigned to JM Huber, December 1, 2015.

121. M.T. Huggard and P.S. White, Flame retardant thermoplastic resin composition with intumescent flame retardant, US Patent 5137937, assigned to Rhodia, August 11, 1992.

122. Goin, C.L. and Huggard, M.T., AMGARD EDAP a new direction in fire retardants, in: Proc. BCC Conf. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy Polymeric Materials, Stamfort, CT, May 1991.

123. R.V. Kasowski, Flame retardant and flame retardant uses, US Patent 10501602, assigned to R.V. Kasowski, December 10, 2019.

124. M.S. Rhodes, L. Israilev, J. Tuerack, P.S. Rhodes, Activated flame retardants and their applications, US Patent 6733697, assigned to Broadview Technologies, May 11, 2004.

125. J.D. Reyes, Flame Retardant Wire and Cable, US Patent 7709740, assigned to JJI Technologies, May 4, 2010.

126. R.V. Kasowski, Flame retardant and composition containing it, US Patent 8703853, assigned to R.V. Kasowski, June 20, 2013.

127. O. Cicchetti, A. Bevilacqua, A. Pagliari, Process for the production of flame retarding additives for polymer compositions, and products obtained from said process, US Patent 5948837, assigned to Montel, September 7, 1999.

128. S. Belli, D. Tirelli, P. Veggetti, A. Bareggi, Impact-resistant self-extinguishing cable, US Patent 7049524, assigned to Prysmian, May 23, 2006.

129. R. Kimura, H. Murase, M. Nagahama, T. Kamimoto, S. Nakano, High purity piperazine pyrophosphate and process of producing same, US Patent 7449577, assigned to Asahi Denka, November 11, 2008.

130. H. Murase, M. Nagahama, K. Yoshikawa, Y. Tanaka, T. Kaneka, A. Yamaki, Flame retardant composition with improved fluidity, flame retardant resin composition and molded products, US Patent 7465761, assigned to Asahi Denka, December 16, 2008.

131. Kamimoto, T., Murase, H., Yamaki, A., Nagahama, M., Kimura, R., Funamizu, T., Zingde, G., A highly efficient intumescent flame retardant for polyolefins, in: Proc. International Conference on Polyolefins, Houston, TX, February 2004.

132. T. Hatanaka, M. Nakamura, H. Sakurai, Flame-retardant resin composition and electric wire using same, US Patent 9240260, assigned to Adeka, January 19, 2016.

133. C.M. Makadia, Non halogen flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane, US Patent 8957141, assigned to Lubrizol, February 17, 2015.

134. J.G. Chen, X.W. Yan, B. Li, L. Lu, W. Ma, H.L. Huang, H.D. Gao, Halogen free, flame retardant compositions, US Patent 8920929, assigned to Dow, December 30, 2014.

135. Y. Ni and T. Shimizu, Fire-resistant thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer composition, US Patent 9926434, assigned to Adeka, March 27, 2018.

136. T. Kamimoto, Y. Yonezawa, N. Nakamura, Y. Okamoto, K. Omori, Flame-retardant composition and flame-retardant synthetic resin composition, European Patent 3037502, assigned to Adeka, October 16, 2019.

137. Y. Ni, Y. Yonezawa, N. Tanji, Flame retardant composition and flame retardant resin composition containing same, US Patent Application 2020/0048433, assigned to Adeka, February 5, 2020.

138. Y. Ni, Y. Inagaki, Y. Yonezawa, N. Tanji, Composition and flame-retardant resin composition, US Patent Application 2020/0148954, assigned to Adeka, May 14, 2020.

139. Y. Ni, Y. Yonezawa, N. Tanji, Composition and flame-retardant resin composition, US Patent Application 2020/0165448, assigned to Adeka, May 28, 2020.

140. H. Steenbakkers-Menting, R. van Giesen, M. van der Ven, R. Bekcx, Flame retardant long glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composition, US patent 10435540, assigned to Sabic, October 8, 2019.

141. Xiao, X., Hu, S., Zhai, J., Chen, T., Mai, Y., Thermal properties and combustion behaviors of flame-retarded glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 with piperazine pyrophosphate and aluminum hypophosphite, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 125, 175, 2016.

142. D.H. Lee, S.W. Lee, S.-B. Kim, C.-G. Kim, S.-D. Ahn, J.-I. Ahn, Flame-retardant polyolefin resin containing piperazine-based metal salt blend, US Patent 9221961, assigned to Doobon, December 29, 2015.

143. J. Engelmann and D.Warting, Halogen-free flameproof polyester, European Patent 1423460, assigned to BASF, April 27, 2005.

144. T. Eckel, V. Taschner, D. Wittmann, E. Wenz, Flame-proof impact resistant-modified polycarbonate compositions, European Patent 2225317, assigned to Bayer, February 27, 2013.

145. A. Feldermann and B. Krauter, Flame retardant polyalkylene terphthalate/polycarbonate compositions, US Patent 8779039, assigned to Bayer, July 15, 2014.

146. S. Costanzi and M. Leonardi, Polyester compositions flame retarded with halogen-free additives, US Patent 7700680, assigned to Italmatch, April 20, 2010.

147. M. Roth, K. Uske, U. Wolf, Long-fiber-reinforced flame-retardant polyesters, US Patent 8962717, assigned to BASF, February 24, 2015.

148. Yang, W., Song, L., Hu, Y., Lu, H., Yuen, R.K.K., Investigations of thermal degradation behavior and fire performance of halogen-free flame retardant poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) composites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 122, 1480, 2011.

149. Yanga, W., Song, L., Hu, Y., Lu, H., Yuen, R.K.K., Enhancement of fire retardancy performance of glass-fibre reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites with the incorporation of aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate, Compos.: Part B., 42, 1057, 2011.

150. Tang, G., Wang, X., Xing, W., Zhang, P., Wang, B., Hong, N., Yang, W., Hu, Y., Song, L., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 12009, 2012.

151. Chen, L., Luo, Y., Hu, Z., Lin, G.-P., Zhao, B., Wang, Y.-Z., An efficient halogen-free flame retardant for glass-fibre-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate), Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 158, 2012.

152. J. Li and G. Woodward, Thermoplastic polymer composition comprising an alkali metal hypophosphite salt, PCT Patent Application WO 2014/075289, assigned to Rhodia, May 22, 2014.

153. Ge, H., Tang, G., Hu, W.-Z., Wang, B.-B., Pan, Y., Song, L., Hu, Y., Aluminum hypophosphite microencapsulated to improve its safety and application to flame retardant polyamide 6, Haz. J. Mater., ID 294186, 2015.

154. F. de Campo, A. Murillo, J. Li, T. Zhang, Process for stabilizing hypophosphites, US Patent 8940820, assigned to Rhodia, January 27, 2015.

155. Atabek, L.S. and Dogan, M., Flame retardant effect of zinc borate in polyamide 6 containing aluminum hypophosphite, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 165, 101, 2019.

156. Atabek, L.S., Tayfun, U., Hancer, M., Dogan, M., The flame-retardant effect of calcium hypophosphite in various thermoplastic polymers, Fire Mater., 43, 294, 2019.

157. M. Roth, Flame retardant compositions comprising sterically hindered amines, US Patent 8349923, assigned to BASF, January 8, 2013.

158. S. Costanzi, Flame retardant polymer compositions, US Patent 7619022, assigned to Italmatch, November 17, 2009.

159. Xu, M.-J., Wang, J., Ding, Y.-H., Li, B., Synergistic effects of aluminum hypophosphite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system, Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 33, 318, 2015.

160. Zhu, P., Xu, M., Li, S., Zhang, Z., Li, B., Preparation and Investigation of efficient flame retardant TPE composites with piperazine pyrophosphate/aluminum diethylphosphinate system J. Appl. Polym. Sci., ID 47711, 2020.

161. Xiao, X., Hu, S., Zhai, J., Chen, T., Mai, Y., Thermal properties and combustion behaviors of flame-retarded glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 with piperazine pyrophosphate and aluminum hypophosphite, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 125, 175, 2016.

162. Y. Ni, Flame-retardant copolyetherester composition and articles comprising the same, PCT Patent Application WO 2013/085724, to Du Pont, June 13, 2013.

163. U. Zucchelli and M. Rosichelli, Environmental friendly flame retardant moulding compositions based on thermoplastic impact modified styrenic polymers, US Patent 10119019, assigned to Italmatch, November 6, 2018.

164. F. de Campo, A. Murillo, J. Li, T. Zhang, Flame retardant polymer compositions comprising stabilized hypophosphite salts, PCT Patent Application WO 2012/113145, assigned to Rhodia, August 30, 2012.

165. Y. Hirschsohn and E. Eden, Flame-retarded styrene-containing formulations, PCT Patent Application WO 2018/178985, assigned to Bromine Compounds, October 4, 2018.

166. Y. Hirschsohn, E. Eden, Y. Epstein Assor, S. Dichter, Flame-retarded polyester compositions, PCT Patent Application WO 2018/073818, assigned to Bromine Compounds, April 26, 2018.

167. S.R. Sandler, Polyester resins flame retarded by poly(metal phosphinate)s, US Patent 4180495, assigned to Pennwalt, December 25, 1979.

168. W. Herwig, H.-J. Kleiner, H.-D. Sabel, Flame-retarding agents and their use in the preparation of fire-proof thermoplastic polymers, European Patent Application 0006568, assigned to Hoechst, January 9, 1980.

169. H.-J. Kleiner and W. Budzinsky, Flameproofed polyester molding composition, US Patent 5780534, assigned to Ticona, July 14, 1998.

170. H.-J. Kleiner, W. Budzinsky, G. Kirsch, Low-flammability polyamide molding materials, US Patent 5773556, assigned to Ticona, June 30, 1998.

171. N. Weferling, H.-P. Schmitz, G. Kolbe, Process for the alkylation of phosphorus-containing compounds, US Patent 6248921, assigned to Clariant, June 19, 2001.

172. E. Jenewein, H.-J. Kleiner, W. Wanzke, W. Budzinsky, Synergistic flame protection agent combination for thermoplastic polymers, US Patent 6365071, assigned to Clariant, April 2, 2002.

173. E. Schlosser, B. Nass, W. Wanzke, Flame-retardant combination, US Patent 6255371, assigned to Clariant, July 3, 2001.

174. Dietz, M., Hoerold, S., Nass, B., Schacker, O., Schmitt, E., Wanzke, W., New environmentally friendly phosphorus based flame retardants for printed circuit boards as well as polyamides and polyesters in E&E applications, in: Proc. Conf. Electronics Goes Green, pp. 771–776, Berlin, September 2004.

175. Hoerold, S., Safety for thermoplastics, Specialty Chem. Magazine, p. 28, November 2008.

176. Naik, A.D., Fontaine, G., Samyn, F., Delva, X., Bourgeois, Y., Bourbigot, S., Melamine integrated metal phosphates as non-halogenated flame retardants: synergism with aluminium phosphinate for flame retardancy in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 98, 2653, 2013.

177. W. Krause, H. Bauer, M. Sicken, S. Hoerold, W. Wanzke, Schlosser, Flame retardant-stabilizer combination for thermoplastic polymers, European Patent 2625220, assigned to Clariant, November 9, 2016.

178. Oyama, R., Shimomichi, H., Yamanaka, T., Development of aluminum phosphite and Its application, Phos. Res. Bull., 32, 10, 2016.

179. Y. Saga and W.W., Zhang, Flame resistant semiaromatic polyamide resin composition and articles therefrom, European Patent 2414446, assigned to DuPont, February 13, 2013.

180. Tomiak, F., Schartel, B., Wolf, M., Drummer, D., Particle size related effects of multi-component flame-retardant systems in poly(butadiene terephthalate), Polymers, 12, 1315, 2020.

181. M. Bolourchi and S. Kochesfahani, Flame-retardant polymer composition, PCT Patent Application WO 2018/187638, assigned to Imerys Talc, October 11, 2018.

182. P.K. Borade, M. Elkovich, J. Pal, Flame retardant poly(arylene ether)/polyamide compositions, methods, and articles, US Patent 7592382, assigned to Sabic, September 22, 2009.

183. Walz, R. and Baque, T., Metal Phosphinates in Industrial Applications, Kunststoffe, p. 113, December 2007.

184. Sullalti, S., Colonna, M., Berti, C., Fiorini, M., Karanam, S., Effect of phosphorus based flame retardants on UL94 and comparative tracking index properties of poly(butylene terephthalate), Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 566, 2012.

185. W. Wanzke, Non halogen FR solutions for polyesters in E&E applications – the use of phosphinates, Paper presented at AMI Conf. Fire Retardants in Plastics, Denver, CO, June 2012.

186. Braun, U., Schartel, B., Fichera, M.A., Jaeger, C., Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 6, 6, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 92, 1528, 2007.

187. Braun, U. and Schartel, B., Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass-fibre-reinforced poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate), Macromol. Mater. Eng., 293, 206, 2008.

188. Seefeldt, H., Duemichen, E., Braun, U., Flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced high temperature polyamide by use of aluminum diethylphosphinate: thermal and thermo-oxidative effects. Polym. Int., 62, 1608, 2013.

189. Q. Yao, S.V. Levchik, G.R. Alessio, Phosphorus-containing flame retardant for thermoplastic polymers, US Patent 7807737, assigned to ICL-IP, October 5, 2010.

190. Zhao, B., Chen, L., Long, J.-W., Chen, H.-B., Wang, Y.-Z. Aluminum hypophosphite versus alkyl-substituted phosphinate in polyamide 6: flame retardance, thermal degradation, and pyrolysis behavior, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 2875, 2013.

191. Ding, Y., Stoliarov, S.I., Kraemer, R.H., Pyrolysis model development for a polymeric material containing multiple flame retardants: relationship between heat release rate and material composition, Comb. Flame, 202, 43, 2019.

192. Brehme, S., Koeppl, T., Schartel, B., Altstaedt, V., Competition in aluminium phosphinate-based halogen-free flame retardancy of poly(butylene terephthalate) and its glass-fibre composites, e-Polymers, 14, 193, 2014.

193. W. Qiu, Flame-retardant poly(arylene ether) composition and its use as a covering for coated wire, US Patent 7589281, assigned to Sabic, September 15, 2009.

194. Y. Araki, T. Sato, T. Hisasue, Flame-retardant resin composition, European Patent 2048198, assigned to Asahi Kasei, January 4, 2012.

195. S.H. Lim, N.J. Park, S.H. Lee, S.M. Lee, J.K. Choi, S.W. Na, Poly (arylene ether) flame retardant resin composition and non-crosslinked flame retardant cable, US patent 9631091, assigned to LG Chem, April 25, 2017.

196. E. Karayianni and J.-M. Philippoz, Flame retardant thermoplastic elastomer compositions, US Patent 7790790, assigned to Du Pont, September 7, 2010.

197. C.F. Fitie, Flame retardant composition and insulated wires for use in electronic equipment, PCT Patent Application, WO 2019/063554, assigned to DSM, April 4, 2019.

198. E. Karayianni, T. Li, Y. Ni, Fire-retardant copolyetherester composition and articles comprising the same, European Patent 2892956, to DuPont, June 14, 2017.

199. A. Vanhalle, H. Verbeke, S.M.L. Meynen, Flame retardant thermoplastic composition, US Patent 8872034, assigned to Huntsman, October 28, 2014.

200. S. Knop, M. Sicken, S. Hoerold, Flame retardant formulation, US Patent 7332534, assigned to Clariant, February 19, 2008.

201. S. Hoerold, Flame-retarding thermosetting compositions, US Patent 6420459, assigned to Clariant, July 16, 2002.

202. S. Knop, M. Sicken, S. Hoerold, Flame retardant duroplastic masses, European Patent Application 1403309, assigned to Clariant, March 31, 2004.

203. M. Sicken, S. Knop, S. Hoerold, H. Bauer, Flame retardant dispersion, US Patent 7273901, assigned to Clariant, September 25, 2007.

204. T.A. Koes and O. Hajjar, Low loss prepregs, compositions useful for the preparation thereof and uses therefor, US Patent 7364672, assigned to Arlon, April 29, 2008.

205. M. Sicken, S. Knop, S. Hoerold, H. Bayer, Flame retardant dispersion, European patent 1454949, assigned to Clariant, July 6, 2016.

206. H. Ushiyama and K. Watanabe, Epoxy resin composition, molded article, prepreg, fiber-reinforced composite material and structure, US Patent 10513577, assigned to Mitsubishi Chemical, December 24, 2019.

207. D. Bedner and W. Varnell, Flame retardant compositions with a phosphorated compound, US Patent 8129456, assigned to Isola, March 6, 2012.

208. T.-C. Liao, D.-R. Fung, Y.-T. Huang, H.-S. Chen, H.-Y. Chang, C.-L. Liu, Thermosetting resin composition and prepreg as well as hardened product using the same, US Patent 10023707, assigned to Nan Ya, July 17, 2018.

209. N. Yao, R. Wang, Z. Ma, Y. Zhang, B. Li, Z. Shang, M. Yuan, Resin composition and articles made therefrom, US Patent 10626251, assigned to Elite, April 21, 2020.

210. M. Sicken, E. Schlosser, W. Wanzke, D. Burkhardt, Fusible zinc phosphinate, European Patent Application 1454912, assigned to Clariant, September 8, 2004.

211. Didane, N., Giraud, S., Devaux, E., Lemort, G., Capon, G., Thermal and fire resistance of fibrous materials made by PET containing flame retardant agents, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 2545, 2012.

212. B. Messmore, P.E. Rollin jr., K.R. Samat, J.-C. Chang, Flame retardant poly(trimethylene) terephthalate compositions and articles made therefrom, European Patent 2582756, assigned to DuPont, March 28, 2018.

213. D.M. Sarzotti, T.E. Schmitt, A.W. Briggs, Flame retardant fibers, yarns, and fabrics made therefrom, US Patent 10640893, assigned to Invista, May 5, 2020.

214. B. Muessig, Wrapping tape having a film made of TPU, PCT Patent Application WO 2008/151897, assigned to Tesa, December 18, 2008.

215. Reuter, J., Greiner, L., Schoenberger, F., Doering, M., Synergistic flame retardant interplay of phosphorus containing flame retardants with aluminum trihydrate depending on the specific surface area in unsaturated polyester resin, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 136, 47270, 2019.

216. Buszard, D.L. and Dellar, R.J., The performance of flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foam formulations, in: Fire and Cellular Polymers, J.M. Buist, S.J. Grayson, W.D. Woolley (Eds.), pp. 265–288, Elsevier, London, 1984.

217. J.-G. Hansel, G. Jabs, J. Kaulen, H.-G. Adams, H.G. Froehlen, Process for preparing dimethyl propanephosphonate, US Patent 7119220, assigned to Lanxess, October 10, 2006.

218. J. Xu, Y.D. Qi, L. Lotti, X. Tai, Use of trialkyl phosphate as a smoke suppressant in polyurethane foam, European Patent 27560928, assigned to Dow, December 26, 2018.

219. L. Boehnke, D. Achten, H.-J. Lass, A.-C., Bijlard, Translucent polyurethane or polyisocyanurate foams, PCT Patent Application WO 2020/070140, assigned to Covestro, April 9, 2020.

220. Tebbe, H. and Sawaya, J., Comparison of different phosphorus based flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foam for the production of insulation materials, in: Proc. CPI Tech. Conf. Polyurethanes 2011, Nashville TN, September 2011.

221. Lorenzetti, A., Modesti, M., Besco, S., Hrelja, D., Donadi, S., Influence of phosphorus valency on thermal behaviour of flame retarded polyurethane foams, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 96, 1455, 2011.

222. Chung, Y.J., Kim, Y., Kim, S., Flame retardant properties of polyurethane produced by the addition of phosphorous containing polyurethane oligomers (II), J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15, 888, 2009.

223. E.R., Larsen, Ecker, E.L., On the use of phosphorus as an FR-adjunct with halogenated unsaturated polyesters, J. Fire Retradant Chem., 6, 182, 1979.

224. Hernangil, A., Rodriguez, M., Leon, L.M., Ballestero, J., Alonso, J.R., Experimental design of fire-retarded formulations. Low viscosity polyester resins, J. Fire Sci., 17, 281, 1999.

225. T.J. Cebasek, M. Gruskiewicz, S.T. Searl, Flame and smoke spread retardant molding compounds and components molded from these compounds, US Patent 8487040, assigned to Premix, July 6, 2013.

226. Y.-N. Cheng, S.-J. Chang, Y.-C. Shen, S.-P. Juang, Process for preparing flame-retardant phosphorus-containing unsaturated polyester, US Patent 5571888, November 5, 1996.

227. Zhang, C., Liu, S.-M., Huang, J.-Y., Zhao, J.-Q., The synthesis and flame retardance of a high phosphorus-containing unsaturated polyester resin, Chem. Lett., 39, 1270, 2010.

228. Mauerer, O., Organophosphorus compounds in respect of increasing fire safety requirements, PU Magazine, p. 234, April 2007.

229. J.-G. Hansel and O. Mauerer, Flame-retardant, curable molding materials, US Patent Application 2011/0028604, assigned to Lanxess, February 3, 2011.

230. Creyf H. and Fishbein J., Advance in Flexible Foam Technology, in: Fire and Cellular Polymers, J.M. Buist, S.J. Grason, W.d. Woolley (Eds.), pp. 279-288, Elsevier, London, 1984

231. Hirschler, M.M., Flame retardants and heat release: review of traditional studies on products and on groups of polymers, Fire Mater., 39, 207, 2015.

232. Hirschler, M.M., Flame retardants and heat release: review of data on individual polymers, Fire Mater., 39, 232, 2015.

233. Krasny, J.F., Parker, W.J., Babrauskas, V., Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 2001.

234. Morgan, A.B., Revisiting flexible polyurethane foam flammability in furniture and bedding in the United States, Fire Mater., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2848.

235. Kraemer, R.H., Zammarano, M., Linteris, G.T., Gedde, U.W., Gilman, J.W., Heat release and structural collapse of flexible polyurethane foam, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 95, 1115, 2010.

236. Levchik, S.V., New developments in flame retardant polyurethanes, in: Proc. BCC Conf. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Stamford, CT, June 2003.

237. L.L. Bradford, E. Pinzoni, B. Williams, T. Halchak, Polyurethane foam containing flame retardant blend of non-oligomeric and oligomeric flame retardants, European Patent 1218433, assigned to Akzo Nobel, August 13, 2003.

238. J.-G. Hansel and H. Tebbe, Halogen-free poly(alkylene phosphate), European Patent 2687535, assigned to Lanxess, September 14, 2016.

239. J.-G. Hansel and H. Tebbe, Phosphoric acid ester compositions with reduced hygroscopicity, European Patent 2860211, assigned to Lanxess, July 10, 2019.

240. Luda, M.P., Bracco, P., Costa, L., Levchik, S.V., Discolouration in fire retardant flexible polyurethane foams. Part I. characterisation, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 83, 215, 2004.

241. Levchik, S.V., Luda, M.P., Bracco, P., Nada, P., Costa, L., Discoloration in fire-retardant flexible polyurethane foams, J. Cellular. Plast., 41, 235, 2005.

242. B. Williams and L. de Kleine, Blend of organophosphorus flame retardant, lactone stabilizer, and phosphate compatibilizer, US Patent 7122135, assigned to Supresta, October 17, 2006.

243. Wang, X.-L., Yang, K.-K., Wang, Y.-Z., Physical and chemical effects of diethyl N,N′-diethanolaminomethyl phosphate on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 82, 276, 2001.

244. C.L. Harowitz, Flame-resistant polyurethanes prepared from certain phorphorus compounds, US Patent 3525705, assigned to Mobil Oil, August 25, 1970.

245. J.K. Stowell, G. Francisco, E. Weil, Method of making hydroxymethylphosphonate, polyurethane foam-forming compositions, polyurethane foam and articles made therefrom, US Patent 9593220, assigned to ICL-IP America, May 23, 2017.

246. S. Snider, L. Wang, J. Asrar, Open cell spray fire-retardant foam, US Patent 10118985, assigned to Johns Manville, November 6, 2018.

247. S. Snider, L. Wang, J. Asrar, Wall insulation boards with non-halogenated fire retardant and insulated wall systems, US Patent 9523195, assigned to Johns Manville, December 20, 2016.

248. M. Sicken and H. Staendeke, Flame-resistant polyurethanes, US Patent 5985965, assigned to Clariant, November 16, 1999.

249. T. Dreier, R. Roers, M. Gossner, S. Meyer-Ahrens, Polyetherester as flame retardant additive for polyurethane flexible foams, European Patent 1555275, assigned to BASF, May 7, 2008.

250. C. Eilbacht and M. Sicken, Process for producing flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foams, US Patent 6380273, assigned to Clariant, April 30, 2002.

251. Tokuyasu, N., Fujimoto, K., Hamada, T., Halogen free flame retardant technology for polyurethane foam, in: Proc. API Conf. Polyurethanes Expo, Las Vegas, 2004, pp. 118–127, October 2004.

252. N. Tokuyasu and T. Matsumura, Phosphoric ester, process for preparing the same and use thereof, US Patent 6127464, assigned to Daihachi, October 3, 2000.

253. Wu, W. and Yang, C.Q., Correlation between limiting oxygen index and phosphorus/nitrogen content of cotton fabrics treated with a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus flame retarding agent and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90, 1885, 2003.

254. Wu, W., Zhen, X., Yang, C.Q., Correlation between limiting oxygen index and phosphorus content of the cotton fabric treated with a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus flame retarding finish and melamine-formaldehyde, J. Fire Sci., 22, 11, 2004.

255. Yang, H., Yang, C.Q., He, Q., The bonding of a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer to nylon fabric using the formaldehyde derivatives of urea and melamine as the bonding agents, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 94, 1023, 2009.

256. Yang, C.Q. and Chen, Q., Flame retardant finishing of the polyester/cotton blend fabric using a cross-linkable hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer, Fire Mater., 43, 283, 2019.

257. Yang, H. and Yang, C.Q., Nonformaldehyde flame retardant finishing of the nomex/cotton blend fabric using a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer, J. Fire Sci., 25, 425, 2007.

258. Padda, R. and Lenotte, G., General trends in textile flame retardants, Specialty Chem. Magazine, p. 43, September 2005.

259. Lam, Y.L., Kan, C.W., Yuen, C.W.M., Effect of titanium dioxide on the flame-retardant finishing of cotton fabric, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 121, 267, 2011.

260. Kapura, A., Chemistry of flame retardants: II. NMR and HPLC analysis of PYROVATEX CP, J. Fire Sci., 12, 3, 1994.

261. Horrocks, A.R. and Roberts, D., Minimization of formaldehyde emission, in: Proc. Conf. Ecotextile’98: Sustainable Development, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK, 1999.

262. R. Malinowsky, M. Neunteufel, M. Crnoja-Cosic, C. Bisjak, D. Eichinger, C. Schrempf, Flame retardant lyocell filament, PCT Patent Application WO 2019/068927, assigned to Lenzing Aktiengesel-lschaft, April 11, 2019.

263. DeStio, P., Flame retardant polyesters. Proc. BCC Conf. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Stamford, CT, June 1991.

264. M.H. Schindzielorz and A. Kokeguchi, Flame resistant fabric for aviation airbags, European Patent 3146100, assigned to Schroth Safety Products, August 14, 2019.

265. H.B. Chew, R.R. Joshi, A.G. Mack, A. Ibay, Flame retarded rigid polyurethane foams and rigid polyurethane foam formulations, European Patent 2178955, assigned to Albemarle, November 9, 2011.

266. J.K. Stowell, A. Piotrowski, M. Nagridge, G. Symes, Flame retardant additive composition comprising cyclic phosphonate blend and bis-phosphate ester, and polyurethane foam containing the same, US Patent 10144872, assigned to ICL-IP America, December 4, 2018.

267. A. Lambert, A. Ponnouradjou, L. Leite, J.-E. Zanetto, Synthetic, flame-resistant yarns, fibres and filaments, US Patent 7758959, assigned to Rhodia, July 20, 2010.

268. V. Butz, Flame-retardant polyamide moulding materials, European Patent 2443192, assigned to Thor, April 17, 2013.

269. V. Butz, Flame-retardant composition comprising a phosphonic acid derivative, US Patent 8349925, assigned to Thor, January 8, 2013.

270. T. Claessen, R. Willemse, A. Sigrist, U. Scholbe, J. Ebert, Flame-retardant polyolefin foam and its production, European Patent 2666626, assigned to Sekisui Alveo, December 31, 2014.

271. S.M. Andrews and T.F. Thomson, Flame retardant polyolefin articles, PCT Patent Application WO 2017/013028, assigned to BASF, January 26, 2017.

272. V. Butz, Materials having a fire-resistant coating containing a spirophosphonate, PCT Patent Application WO2017/080633, assigned to Thor, May 18, 2017.

273. Goedderz, D., Weber, L., Markert, D., Schiesser, A., Fasel, C., Riedel, R., Altstaedt, V., Bethke, C., Fuhr, O., Puchtler, F., Breu, J., Doering, M., Flame retardant polyester by combination of organophosphorus compounds and an NOR radical forming agent, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 137, ID 47876, 2020.

274. K. Yamanaka, K. Koya, Y. Taketani, Flame-resistant resin composition and article molded therefrom, US Patent 7169837, assigned to Teijin, Janury 30, 2007.

275. K. Yamanaka, F. Kondo, K. Toyohara, Flame-retardant resin composition and molding derived therefrom, European Patent 2287253, assigned to Teijin, January 1, 2016.

276. K. Yamanaka and F. Kondo, Flame retardant resin composition and molded article thereof, US Patent 8859655, assigned Teijin, October 14, 2014.

277. K. Yamanaka, T. Miyake, M. Saito, M. Kinoshita, Flame-retardant resin composition and molded products thereof, European Patent 2511338, assigned to Teijin, April 27, 2016.

278. K. Yamanaka, T. Takeda, K. Imazato, Flame-retardant resin composition and molded article produced from same, European Patent 3249010, assigned to Teijin, June 3, 2020.

279. K. Yamanaka, K. Imazato, N. Takahashi, Organophosphorus compound, flame retardant, and flame-retardant product including same, European Patent 3514151, assigned to Teijin, May 13, 2020.

280. K. Yamanaka, T. Takeda, K. Kondo, M. Haruyoshi, Flame-retardant synthetic leather, European Patent 2860309, assigned to Teijin, May 10, 2017.

281. Wolf, R., Flame retardant viscose rayon containing a pyrophosphate, Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 20, 413, 1981.

282. G. Kroner, Fire-retardant cellulose fiber, use thereof, and method for the production thereof, European Patent 2473657, assigned to Lenzing, April 30, 2014.

283. W.R. Haaf and D.L. Reinhard, Flame retardant, non-dripping compositions of polyphenylene ether and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, US Patent 4107232, assigned to General Electric, August 15, 1978.

284. K. Okada, Y. Maeda, R. Motoshige, M. Noro, Flame-retardant thermoplastic resin composition, US Patent 6071992, assigned to Techno Polymer, June 6, 2000.

285. Touchette, N.W., Flame-Retardant Plasticizers, in: Handbook of Polyvinyl Chloride Formulating, E.J. Wickson (Ed.), pp. 275–302, Wiley, New York, 1993.

286. F. Hupka, T. Hagen, J. Nordmann, J. Gaca, R. Kraemer, S. Menon, High temperature resistant foams having a high flame resistance, European patent 3259295, assigned to Covestro and BASF, December 18, 2019.

287. R. Nuetzel, Application device for a solid-filled PU foam, European Patent 3137391, assigned to Sika Technology, January 22, 2020.

288. H.M. Jung, J.C. Cho, C.K. Lee, Flame retardant resin composition for multilayer wiring board and multilayer wiring board including the same, US Patent 8309636, assigned to Samsung, November 13, 2012.

289. S. Elgimiabi, Thermal cycling resistant low density composition, European Patent 3489271, Assigned to 3M, May 27, 2020.

290. Heaps, J.M., Phosphate esters plasticizers for flexible PVC, Plast. (London), 33, 366, 410, 1969.

291. D.R. Randell and W. Pickles, Polyvinyl chloride plasticized with mixed phosphate esters, US Patent 3919158, assigned to Ciba-Geigy, November 11, 1975.

292. Duke, A.J., Inhibition of human androgen receptor by bis(2-isopropylphenyl) phenyl phosphate, Chimia, 32, 457, 1978.

293. Nobile, E.R., Page, S.W., Lombardo, P., Characterization of four commercial flame retardant aryl phosphates, Bull. Envir. Contam. Toxicol., 25, 755, 1980.

294. Shankwalkar, S.G. and Placek, D.G., Oxidation and weight loss characteristics of commercial phosphate esters, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 1810, 1992.

295. D.A. Bright, B. Williams, E. Pinzoni, E.D. Weil, Flame retardant composition and polyurethane foams containing same, PCT Patent Application WO2006/119369, assigned to Supresta, November 9, 2006.

296. R.S. Rose, D.L. Buszard, M.D. Philips, F.J. Liu, Higher alkylated triaryl phosphate ester flame retardants, European Patent EP 1421139, assigned to Pabu Services, October 21, 2009.

297. J.K. Stowell, L.A. De Kleine, B.A. Williams, Non-halogen flame retardant additives for use in rigid polyurethane foam, European Patent 1973965, assigned to Supresta, August 26, 2009.

298. A. Adedeji, G. Riding, B. Torrey, High performance plastic pallets, US Patent 7273014, assigned to Sabic, September 25, 2007.

299. K. Kosaka, X. Li, V. Mhetar, J. Tenenbaum, W. Yao, Flexible poly(arylene ether)composition and articles thereof, US patent 7517927, assigned to Sabic, April 14, 2009.

300. J.H. Shin, S.-J. Yang, Y.K. Chang, Flameproof thermoplastic resin compositions, US Patent 6593404, assigned to Samsung Cheil, July 15, 2003.

301. D.M. Singh and D.M. Singh, High heat resistant composition, US Patent 9447291, assigned to Akzo Nobel Coatings, September 20, 2016.

302. Moy, P.Y., Formulating vinyl for flame resistance, in: Handbook of Vinyl Formulating, R.F. Grossman (Ed.), pp. 287–304, Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.

303. Moy, P., Aryl phosphate ester fire-retardant additive for low-smoke vinyl applications, J. Vinyl Add. Technol., 10, 187, 2004.

304. S. Cron, Polyurethane/polyurea-forming compositions, US Patent 6369156, assigned to Huntsman, April 9, 2002.

305. K. Call and R. Ruprecht, Low softener halogen free flame retardant styrenic block copolymer-based thermoplastic elastomer compositions, US Patent 9156978, assigned to Teknor Apex, October 13, 2015.

306. Bright, D.A., Dashevsky, S., Moy, P.Y., Williams, B., J. Vinyl., Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), a non-halogen flame-retardant additive, Add. Technol., 3, 170, 1997.

307. J.C. Gosens, C.F. Pratt, H.B. Savenije, C.A.A. Claesen, Polymer mixture having aromatic polycarbonate, styrene-containing copolymer and/or graft polymer and a flame-retardant, articles formed therefrom, US Patent 5204394, assigned to GE, April 20, 1993.

308. N. Agarwal, S.K. Gaggar, D. Gupta, S. Gupta, R. Krishnamurthy, R. Kumaraswamy, R.S. Totad, S. Tyagi, Polymer compositions, method of manufacture, and articles formed therefrom, US Patent 7557154, assigned to Sabic, July 7, 2009.

309. T. Kitahara, K. Hosokawa, T. Shimizu, Polytetrafluoroethylene fine powders and their use, US patent 6503988, assigned to Daikin Industries, January 7, 2003.

310. T. Eckel, A. Seidel, J. Gonzalez-Blanco, D. Wittmann, Flame-resistant polycarbonate molding composition modified with a graft polymer, US Patent 7319116, assigned to Bayer, January 15, 2008.

311. R.J. Wroczynski, Flame resistant compositions of polycarbonate and monovinylidene aromatic compounds, European Patent 0909790, assigned to General Electric, January 4, 2004.

312. O. Kenichi, Phosphoric ester flame retardant, Japanese Patent 3043694, assigned to Asahi Chemical, May 22, 2000.

313. Levchik, S.V., Bright, D.A., Moy, P., Dashevsky, S., New developments in fire retardant non-halogen aromatic phosphates J. Vinyl. Add. Technol., 6, 123, 2000.

314. E.W. Burkhardt, D.A. Bright, S. Levchik, S. Dashevsky, M. Buczek, Epoxy-stabilized polyphosphate compositions, US Patent 6717005, assigned to Akzo Nobel, April 6, 2004.

315. A. Seidel, T. Eckel, D. Wittmann, D. Kurzidim, Impact-modified polycarbonate blends, US Patent 7067567, assigned to Bayer, June 27, 2006.

316. A. Imada, Resin composition and resin molded article, US Patent 9562157, assigned to Fuji Xerox, February 7, 2017.

317. X. Li, Flame retardant thermoplastic molding composition, US Patent 8217101, assigned to Bayer, June 10, 2012.

318. I.J. Kim, K.H. Kwon, B.N. Jang, Scratch-resistant flameproof thermoplastic resin composition with improved compatibility, European Patent 2222786, assigned to Cheil, January 2, 2013.

319. H. Warth, S. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Li, Blend of aromatic polycarbonate and polylactic acid, the method for preparing the same and the use thereof, US Patent 8242197, assigned to Bayer, August 14, 2012.

320. J. Liu, Heat resistant, flame retardant polylactic acid compounds, US Patent 9309403, assigned to PolyOne, April 12, 2016.

321. P.Y. Moy, A.I. Gregor, R.L. Pirelli, D.A. Bright, L. Bright, Oligomeric bis-phosphate flame retardants and compositions containing the same, EP 2089402, assigned to ICL-IP America, August 5, 2015.

322. R.W. Avakian and L. Hu, Non-halogenated flame retardant polycarbonate compounds, PCT Patent Application WO 2014/018672, assigned to PolyOne, January 30, 2014.

323. T. Matsumura and Y. Tanaka, Crystalline powders of aromatic diphosphates, their preparation and use, European Patent 0509506, assigned to Daihachi, June 25, 1997.

324. M. Katayama, M. Ito, Y. Otsuka, Polycarbonate resin composition containing block copolymer, US Patent 6316579, assigned to Daicel, November 13, 2001.

325. K. Tabushi and B. Mori, Flame-retardant and electromagnetic interference attenuating thermoplastic resin composition, European Patent 1336645, assigned to Nippon, April 1, 2009.

326. H. Sakurai, G. Kokura, T. Kamimoto, Flame-retardant synthetic resin composition, European Patent 3037483, assigned to Adeka, September 6, 2017.

327. T. Kamimoto, Y. Tanaka, T. Tezuka, H. Muraze, Process for solidification of phosphoric ester flame retardants, European Patent 2292688, assigned to Adeka, May 11, 2016.

328. H.-J. Jeong, M.-H. Kim, S. Shin, Resin composition exhibiting good heat resistance and insulation properties, and product using same, European Patent 3351588, assigned to Lotte, February 19, 2020.

329. Pfaender, R. and Doering, M., Eco-friendly fire prevention. New developments in flame retardants, Kunstoffe Int., p. 48, August 2014.

330. F. Sato, H. Sakurai, G. Kokura, N. Tanji, Flame retardant composition, flame retardant resin composition containing said flame retardant composition, and molded body of said flame retardant resin composition, European Patent Application 3690006, assigned to Adeka, August 5, 2020.

331. Pawlowski, K.H. and Schartel, B., Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends, Polym. Int., 56, 1404, 2007.

332. Schartel, B., Pawlowski, K.H., Perret, B., Flame retardancy mechanisms in halogen-free PC/ABS blends, Polym. Mater., Sci. Eng., 98, 245, 2008.

333. Murashko, E.A., Levchik, G.F., Levchik, S.V., Bright, D.A., Dashevsky, S., Fire retardant action of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) in PC-ABS blend. II. Reactions in the condensed phase, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 71, 1863, 1999.

334. Perret, B., Pawlowski, K.H., Schartel, B., Fire retardancy mechanisms of arylphosphates in polycarbonate (PC) and PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: The key role of decomposition temperature, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 97, 949, 2009.

335. Despinasse, M.-C. and Schartel, B., Aryl phosphate-aryl phosphate synergy In flame-retarded bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, Thermochim. Acta, 563, 51, 2013.

336. Despinasse, M.-C. and Schartel, B., Influence of the structure of aryl phosphates on the flame retardancy of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 97, 2571, 2012.

337. Schartel, B., Richter, K.H., Boehning, M., Synergistic use of talc in halogen-free flame retarded polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends, in: Fire and Polymers VI: New Advances in Flame Retardant Chemistry and Science, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 1118, pp. 15–36, Washington DC, 2012.

338. Wang, W., Zhao, G., Wu, X., Li, X., Wang, C., Investigation on phosphorus halogen-free flame-retardancy systems in short glass fiber-reinforced PC/ABS composites under rapid thermal cycle molding process condition, Polym. Compos., 36, 1653, 2015.

339. Jachowicz, J., Kryszewski, M., Sobol, A., Thermal degradation of poly(2-methylphenylene oxide), poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) and poly(1,4-phenylene oxide), Polymer, 20, 995, 1979.

340. V. Abolins and F.F. Holub, Polyphenylene ether resin compositions having improved ductile impact strength, US Patent 4504613, assigned to General Electric, March 12, 1985.

341. Lin, S., Sun, S., He, Y., Wang, X., Wu, D., Effects of phosphate and polysiloxane on flame retardancy and impact toughening behavior of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), Polym. Eng. Sci., 52, 925, 2012.

342. G. Solenicki and K. Sharma, Rail interior compliant thermoplastic composite, European Patent Application 3659796, assigned to Sabic, June 3, 2020.

343. G. Chen, Y. Na, Y. Xu, Water pipe for mining operations, European Patent 3362517, assigned to Sabic, July 15, 2020.

344. Jiang, Z., Liu, S., Zhao, J., Chen, X., Flame-retarded mechanism of SEBS/PPO composites modified with mica and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate), Polym. Degrad. Stab., 98, 2765, 2013.

345. H. Kubo and S. Sato, Resin composition for wire and cable covering material, European Patent 1563008, assigned to General Electric, October 5, 2006.

346. H. Kubo, V.R. Mhetar, V. Rajamani, S. Sato, X. Tai, W. Yao, Flame retardant electrical wire, European Patent 1829056, assigned to General Electric, October 15, 2008.

347. K. Kosaka, X. Li, Y. Xiao, Flame retardant thermoplastic composition and articles comprising the same, US Patent 7799854, assigned to Sabic, September 21, 2010.

348. S.R. Klei, J.E. Pickett, J.J. Xu, Poly(arylene ether) composition, method, and article, US Patent 7576150, assigned to Sabic, August 18, 2009.

349. T. Harada, V. Rajamani, S. Sato, X. Tai, W. Yao, Thermoplastic composition, coated conductor, and methods for making and testing the same, US Patent 7504585, assigned to Sabic, March 17, 2009.

350. H. Gan, Poly(phenylene ether) composition and article, European Patent 3317350, assigned to Sabic, January 9, 2019.

351. Boscoletto, A.B., Checchin, M., Milan, L., Pannocchia, P., Tavan, M., Camino, G., Luda, M.P., Combustion and fire retardance of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) - high-impact polystyrene blends. II. Chemical aspects, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 67, 2231, 1998.

352. Boscoletto, A.B., Checchin, M., Milan, L., Camino, G., Costa, L., Luda, M.P., Mechanism of fire retardance in poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) – high impact polystyrene, Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 74, 35, 1993.

353. Liu, S., Jiang, L., Jiang, Z., Zhao, J., Fu, Y., The impact of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and poly(phenylene ether) on flame retardancy of PC/PBT blends, Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 2392, 2011.

354. Takeda, K., Amemiya, F., Kinoshita, M., Takayama, S., Flame retardancy and rearrangement reaction of polyphenylene-ether/polystyrene alloy, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 64, 1175, 1997.

355. Murashko, E.A., Levchik, G.F., Levchik, S.V., Bright, D.A., Dashevsky, S., Fire retardant action of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) in a PPO/HIPS blend, J. Fire Sci., 16, 233, 1998.

356. C. Hackl, F. Lehrich, G. Bittner, Self-extinguishing thermoplastic polyurethanes and their preparation, US Patent 5837760, assigned to Elastogran, November 17, 1998.

357. O.S. Henze, M. Hansen, K. Hackmann, D. Meier, C. Beckmann, O. Muehren, Halogen-free flame retardant TPU, European Patent 2247657, assigned to BASF, December 28, 2011.

358. J.M. Cogen, G. Chen, X. Tai, G.D. Brown, Color-stable, halogen-free flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane compositions, European Patent 2454316, assigned to Dow, April 3, 2013.

359. J.G. Chen, B. Li, W.W. Ma, X. Tai, Y. Qi, K.P. Pang, D.H. Guo, Y. Sun, Thermoplastic composition with epoxidized novolac, European Patent 2445967, assigned to Dow, March 22, 2017.

360. S. Dermeik, K.-H. Lemmer, R. Braun, W. Nassl, Composition for treatment of fiber materials by exhaust method in particular, US Patent 8303835, assigned to Huntsman, November 6, 2012.

361. M. Takata, A. Fukumi, K. Kubo, M. Hosaka, Flame retardant composition, flame retardant fiber treated with flame retardant composition, and method for increasing amount of flame retardant component adhered onto fibers using said composition, US Patent 10301547, assigned to Adeka, May 28, 2019.

362. R.N. Bookins, Emulsification of hydrophobic organophosphorous compounds, US Patent 10190051, assigned to Alexium, January 29, 2019.

363. M.A. Strand and R.L. Piner, Flame retardant polyester compositions for calendaring, US Patent 7285587, assigned to Eastman, October 23, 2007.

364. J.C. Chang, Y. Liang, J.P. McKeown, M.A. Page, Flame retardant poly(trimethylene terephthalate) composition, PCT Patent Application WO 2010/045181, assigned to DuPont, April 22, 2010.

365. Levchik, S.V., Georlette, P., Bar-Yaakov, Y., New developments in flame retardancy of polyolefins, in: Proc. ANTEC2011, vol. 3, p. 2387, Boston, MA, May 1-5, 2011.

366. S. Fuchs, U. Keppler, T. Albert, Halogen-free flame-retardant mixtures for polyolefin foams, European Patent Application 3145988, assigned to BASF, March 29, 2017.

367. S. Gabriel, L. Krishnamurthy, M. Stachnik, M.G. Weinberg, Flame retardant flash spun sheets, US Patent 8883893, assigned to DuPont, November 11, 2014.

368. S.V. Levchik, S. Dashevsky, E.D. Weil, Q. Yao, Oligomeric, hydroxy-terminated phosphonates, US Patent 7449526, assigned to Supresta, November 11, 2008.

369. Wu, T., Piotrowski, A.M., Yao, Q., Curing of epoxy resin with poly(m-phenylene methylphosphonate), Levchik, S.V., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 101, 4011, 2006.

370. Levchik, S.V. and Wang, C.S., P-based flame retardants in halogen-free laminates, OnBoard Technol., 18, April 2007.

371. M. Schmidt, L. Bottenbruch, D. Freitag, K. Reinking, H. Roehr, H.-D. Block, Aromatic polyphosphonates and a process for their production, US Patent 4331614, assigned to Bayer, May 25, 1982.

372. M. Vinciguerra, D. Freitag, N. Rice, R. Lusignea, Branched polyphosphonates, US Patent 7816486, assigned to Triton Systems, November 19, 2010.

373. D. Freitag, Poly(block-phosphonato-ester) and poly(block-phosphonato-carbonate) and methods of making same, US Patent 7645850, assigned to FRX Polymers, January 12, 2010.

374. D. Freitag, J.-P. Lens, M.A. Lebel, Polyphosphonate and copolyphosphonate additive mixtures, US Patent 8975367, assigned to FRX Polymers, March 10, 2015.

375. Y. Jeong, L. Kagumba, J.-P. Lens, Epoxy compositions, US Patent 10077354, assigned to FRX Polymers, September 18, 2018.

376. X. Zeng and N. Ren, Thermosetting resin composition and use thereof, US Patent 10029438, assigned to Shengyi, July 24, 2018.

377. L. Kagumba, C. Manzi-Nshuti, K. Wei, Halogen-free flame-retardant compositions for flexible polyurethane foams, PCT Patent Application WO 2019/204625, assigned to FRX Polymers, October 24, 2019.

378. F. Cao, G.S. Nestlerode, Q. Lu, Flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane compositions, US Patent 9657172, assigned to Lubrizol, May 23, 2017.

379. M.-A. Lebel, L. Kagumba, P. Go, Phosphonate polymers, copolymers, and their respective oligomers as flame retardants for polyester fibers, US Patent 9290653, assigned to FRX Polymers, March 22, 2016.

380. S. Ashby, S. Mortlock, W. Macdonald, A. Lovatt, Polyester film comprising a polymeric phosphonate flame retardant, PCT Patent Application WO 2019/207314, assigned to DuPont and Teijin Films, October 31, 2019.

381. Wang, Y.-Z., Solubility parameters of poly(sulfonyidiphenylene phenylphosphonate) and its miscibility with poly(ethylene terephthalate), J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys., 41, 2296, 2003.

382. Weil, E.D. and Levchik, S.V., Phosphorus-containing polymers and oligomers, in: Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley, New York, 2010, published on- line http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780471440260/home/.

383. Y.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Lee, S.-M. Kim, Method of preparing flame-retardant polyester fiber and flame-retardant polyester fiber, assigned to Kolon, US Patent 8388879, March 5, 2013.

384. K.-T. Park, Y.-J. Lee, J.-R. Kim, S.-Y. Hwang, Method for preparing a polyester resin, US Patent 9328195, assigned to SK Chemicals, May 3, 2016.

385. J. Asrar, Polymer-bound non-halogen fire resistant compositions, US Patent 5750603, assigned to Solutia, May 12,1998.

386. H.J. Kleiner, Process for preparing 6-chloro-(6H)-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin, US Patent 5481017, assigned to Hoechst, February 21, 1995.

387. H.J. Kleiner, Method of preparing 6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-one, US Patent 5391798, assigned to Hoechst, January 2, 1996.

388. Freudenberger, V. and Jacob, F., Phosphorhaltige polyethylenterephthalate, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 105, 203, 1982.

389. S. Endo, T. Kashihara, A. Osako, T. Shizuki, T. Ikegami, Phosphorus-containing compounds, US Patent 4127590, assigned to Toyobo, November 28, 1978.

390. Gyobu, S., Sato, M., Takeuchi, H., Development and properties of flame retardant fibers, in: Proc. Spring FRCA Conference, pp. 157–165, New Orleans, LA, March 2003.

391. Sato, M., Endo, S., Araki, Y., Matsuoka, G., Gyobu, S., Takeuchi, H., The flame-retardant polyester fiber: Improvement of hydrolysis resistance, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 78, 1134, 2000.

392. Yang, S.-C. and Kim, J.P., Flame-retardant polyesters. II. Polyester polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 106, 1274, 2007.

393. Yang, S.-C. and Kim, J.P., Flame retardant polyesters. I. phosphorus flame retardants, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 106, 2870, 2007.

394. B. Just, H. Keller, S., Imeri, Flame-retardant material containing phosphorous, European Patent 2284208, assigned to Schill & Seilacher, February 22, 2012.

395. Zhang, C., Huang, J.Y., Liu, S.M., Zhao, J.Q., The synthesis and properties of a reactive flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin from a phosphorus-containing diacid, Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 1768, 2011.

396. Levchik, S.V. and Weil, E.D., Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of epoxy resins – a review of the recent literature, Polym. Int., 53, 1585, 2004.

397. R. Ultz and S. Sprenger, Flame-retardant epoxy resins and flame retarders for epoxy resins, European Patent 0806429, assigned to Schill & Sellacher, December 19, 2001.

398. C.-S. Wang and C.H. Lin, Epoxy resin rendered flame retardant by reaction with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, US Patent 6291627, assigned to National Science Council of Taiwan, September 18, 2001.

399. Sprenger, S. and Utz, R., Reactive, organophosphorus flame retardants for epoxies, J. Adv. Mater., 33, 24, 2001.

400. Doering, M., Phosphorus containing flame retardants in epoxy resins, in: Flame Retardants, London, 2008, Interscience Communication, pp. 121–131, 2008.

401. Y. Hirai, H. Suzuki, Y. Takeda, K. Oohori, S. Kamoshida, M. Kakitani, N., Abe, Resin composition, and use and method for preparing the same, US Patent 6720077, assigned to Hitachi, April 13, 2004.

402. Rakotomalala, M., Wagner, S., Doering, M., Recent developments in halogen free flame retardants for epoxy resins for electrical and electronic applications, Materials, 3, 4300, 2010.

403. T. Sagara, T. Takata, K. Ihara, H. Kakiuchi, K. Ishihara, C. Asano, M. Gunji, H. Sato, Epoxy resin compositions containing phosphorus, flame retardant resin sheet using said epoxy resin containing phosphorus, resin clad metal foil, prepreg and laminated board, multi layer board, US Patent 6524709, assigned to Matsushita, February 2003.

404. Vlad-Bubulac, T., Hamciuc, C., Petreus, O., Synthesis and properties of some phosphorus-containing polyesters, High Perform. Polym., 18, 255, 2006.

405. Montero De Espinosa, L., Ronda, J.C., Galia, M., Cadiz, V., Meier, M.A.R., Fatty acid derived phosphorus-containing polyesters via acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem., 47, 5760, 2009.

406. T. Asana, K. Ogasawara, N. Ito, Epoxy resin composition, prepreg and multilayer printed-wiring board, European Patent 1103575, assigned to Matsushita, February 8, 2006.

407. T. Iwami, M. Matsumoto, T. Abe, T. Yonemoto, H. Fujiwara, Epoxy resin composition for prepreg, prepreg, and multilayer printed circuit board, European Patent 2554561, assigned to Panasonic, September 4, 2019.

408. D. Kishimoto and Y. Umeki, High melting point flame retardant crystal and method for manufacturing the same, epoxy resin composition containing the flame retardant, and prepreg and flame retardant laminate using the composition, US Patent 9371438, assigned to Sanko, June 21, 2016.

409. Y. Meng, K. Fang, Y. Xu, Flame-retardant polyphenylene ether resin composition, European Patent Application 3564316, assigned to Shengyi, November 6, 2019.

410. V.M. Chopdekar, A.R. Mellozi, A.T. Cornelson, Flame-retardant cyanate esters US Patent Application 2011/0054087, assigned to Lonza, March 3, 2011.

411. M. Yaginuma, S. Ito, Y. Ueno, Resin composition, prepreg and resin sheet, and metal foil-clad laminate, European Patent 269012 assigned to Mitsubishi Gas, June 17, 2020.

412. A.M. Piotrowski, J. Zilberman, M. Zhang, E. Gluz, S. Levchik, K.A. Suryadevara, Active ester curing agent compound for the thermosetting resins, flame retardant composition comprising same, and articles made therefrom, US Patent 10500823, assigned to ICL-IP America, December 10, 2019.

413. J. Gan, Phosphorus-containing compounds useful for making halogen-free, ignition-resistant polymers, US Patent 8143357, assigned to Dow, March 27, 2012.

414. R.-T. Wang, L.-C. Yu, Y.-T. Lin, Y.-J. Chen, W. Tian, Z. Ma, W. Lu, Halogen-free resin composition, copper clad laminate using the same, and printed circuit board using the same, US Patent 9650512, assigned to Elite, May 16, 2017.

415. Y.-T. Li, Halogen-free resin composition and its application for copper clad laminate and printed circuit board, US Patent 9005761, assigned to Elite, April 14, 2015.

416. Y.L. Angell, K.M. White, S.E. Angell, A.G. Mack, DOPO-derived flame retardant and epoxy resin composition, US Patent 8536256, assigned to Albemarle, September 17, 2013.

417. Q. Yao, A.G. Mack, J. Wang, Process for the preparation of DOPO-derived compounds and compositions thereof, US Patent 9012546, assigned to Albemarle, April 21, 2015.

418. G. He and T. Amla, Varnishes and prepregs and laminates made therefrom, European Patent 3055354, assigned to Isola, December 5, 2018.

419. W.F. Scholz and S. Paul, Circuit materials with improved fire retardant system and articles formed therefrom, US Patent 10104769, assigned to Rogers, October 16, 2018.

420. Frank, A.W., Daigle, D.J., Vail, S.L., Chemistry of hydroxymethyl phosphorus compounds: Part II. Phosphonium salts, Text. Res. J., 52, 678, 1982.

421. Choudhury, A.K.R., Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2021.

422. Horrocks, A.R. and Zhang, S., Enhancing polymer flame retardancy by reaction with phosphorylated polyols. Part 2. Cellulose treated with a phosphonium salt urea condensate (Proban CC) flame retardant. Fire Mater., 26, 173, 2002.

423. LeBlanc, R.B., The durability of flame retardant-treated fabrics, Text. Chem. Color., 29, 2, 19, 1997.

424. Y. Gao, C.Y., Hsieh, Z., Ma, Z., Wang, W., Tian, Polyphenylene oxide resin, method of preparing polyphenylene oxide resin, polyphenylene oxide prepolymer and resin composition, US Patent 9447238, assigned to Elite, September 20, 2016.

425. H. Saito, and H. Fujiwara, Curable composition, prepreg, metal foil with composition, metal-clad laminate and wiring board, US Patent Application 2018/0170005, assigned to Panasonic, June 21, 2018.

426. M. Taniguchi, Y. Tada, Y., Nishioka, Flame-retardant epoxy resin composition, molded article thereof, and electronic part, US Patents 6797750, assigned to Otsuka, September 28, 2004.

427. L.-C. Yu and T.-A. Lee, Halogen-free resin composition and copper clad laminate and printed circuit board using same, US Patent 9279051, assigned to Elite, March 8, 2016.

428. Y. He and S. Su, Halogen-free flame retardant resin composition and the use thereof, US Patent 9745464, assigned to Shengyi, August 29, 2017.

429. T. Sagara, H. Kakiuchi, K. Kashihara, Y. Kitai, H. Saito, D. Yokoyama, H. Fujiwara, Resin composition, resin varnish, prepreg, metal-clad laminate, and printed wiring board, US Patent 9528026, assigned to Panasonic, December 27, 2016.

430. K. Maruyama and R. Motoshige, Flame retardant thermoplastic resin composition, European Patent 0728811, assigned to Mitsubishi, September 17, 2003.

431. Yamamoto, Y. and Wursta, T., Phosphazene flame retardants as a green chemistry to replace halogen-type flame retardants. Paper presented at ANTEC 2010, Orlando, FL, May 2010.

432. Y. Tada and T. Inoue, Cyanato group-containing cyclic phosphazene compound and method for producing the same, US Patent 7767739 assigned to Fushimi Pharmaceutical, August 3, 2010.

433. S.-F. Liu and M.-H. Chen, Resin composition and uses of the same, US Patent 10196502, assigned to Taiwan Union Technology, February 5, 2019.

434. Mabey, W. and Mill, T., Critical review of hydrolysis of organic compounds in water under environmental conditions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 383, 1978.

435. Saeger, V.W., Hicks, O., Kaley, R.G., Michael, P.R., Mieure, J.P., Tucker, E.S., Environmental fate of selected phosphate esters, Envir. Sci. Tech., 13, 840, 1979.

436. Boethling, R.S. and Cooper, J.C., Environmental fate and effects of triaryl and tri-alkyl/aryl phosphate esters, Residue Rev., 94, 49, 1985.

437. Jurgens, S.S., Helmus, R., Waaijers, S.L., Uittenbogaard, D., Dunnebier, D., Vleugel, M., Kraak, M.H.S., de Voogt, P., Parsons, J.R., Mineralisation and primary biodegradation of aromatic organophosphorus flame retardants in activated sludge, Chemosphere, 111, 238, 2014.

438. Oros, D.R., Jarman, W.M., Lowe, T., David, N., Lowe, S., Davis, J.A., Surveillance for previously unmonitored organic contaminants in the San Francisco estuary, Marine Pollut. Bull., 46, 1102, 2003.

439. Muir, D.C.G., Phosphate Esters, in: The Handbook of Environmemtal Chemistry, Vol, 3, Part. C Anthropogenic Compounds, O. Hutzinger (Ed.), pp. 41–66, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

440. Watts, M.J. and Linden, K.G., Advanced oxidation kinetics of aqueous trialkyl phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2937, 2009.

441. Liu, Y., Liggio, J., Harner, T., Jantunen, L., Shoeib, M., Li, S.-M., Heterogeneous OH initiated oxidation: A possible explanation for the persistence of organophosphate flame retardants in air, Env. Sci. Technol., 48, 1041, 2014.

442. Ghisalba, O., Kuenzi, M., Ramos Tombo, G.M., Schar, H.-P., Microbial degradation and utilization of selected organophosphorus compounds, Chimia, 41, 206, 1987.

443. Frost, J.W., Loo, S., Li, D., Radical-based dephosphorylation and organophosphonate biodegradation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 2166, 1987.

444. Quinn, J.P., Kulakova, A.N., Cooley, N.A., McGrath, J.W., New ways to break an old bond: The bacterial carbon-phosphorus hydrolases and their role in biogeochemical phosphorus cycling, Environ. Microbiol., 9, 2392, 2007.

445. Lenoir, D., Kampke-Thiel, K., Kettrup, A., New Duroplastic Materials with Phosphorus Compounds as Flame Retardant: Fate and Behavior in Thermal Reactions, in: Proc. BCC Conf. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, Stamford, CT, May 1996.

446. Lengsfeld, H., Altstadt, V., Sprenger, S., Utz, R., Flame-retardant curing, Kunstoffe, 91, 37, 2001.

447. Li, T.-Y., Bao, L.-J., Wu, C.-C., Liu, L.-Y., Wong, C.S., Zeng, E.Y., Organophosphate flame retardants emitted from thermal treatment and open burning of e-waste, J. Hazard. Mater., 367, 390, 2019.

448. Ma, Y., Stubbings, W.A., Cline-Cole, R., Harrad, S., Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review, Environ. Pollution, 268, 115727, 2021.

449. Bacaloni, A., Callipo, L., Corradini, E., Gubbiotti, R., Samperi, R., Lagana, A., Flame Retardants: Functions, Properties and Safety, P.B. Merlani (Ed.), pp. 131–143, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 2010.

450. Martínez-Carballo, E., González-Barreiro, A., Sitka, S., Scharf, O., Gans, Determination of selected organophosphate esters in the aquatic environment of Austria, Sci. Total Environ., 388, 290, 2007.

451. Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Li, M., Du, M., Li, X., Li, Y., A review of a class of emerging contaminants: The classification, distribution, intensity of consumption, synthesis routes, environmental effects and expectation of pollution abatement to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 2874, 2019.

452. Marklund, A., Andersson, B., Haglund, P., Traffic as a source of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in snow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3555, 2005.

453. Regnery, J. and Puttmann, W., Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in rain and snow from middle Germany, Clean, 37, 334, 2009.

454. Kim, U.-J. and Kannan, K., Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants/plasticizers in surface waters, tap water, and rainwater: Implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 5625, 2018.

455. Li, W., Wang, Y., Kannan, K., Occurrence, distribution and human exposure to 20 organophosphate esters in air, soil, pine needles, river water, and dust samples collected around an airport in New York State, United States, Environ. Int., 131, ID 105054, 2019.

456. Salamova, A., Ma, Y., Venier, M., Hites, R.A., High levels of organophosphate flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 1, 8, 2014.

457. Bekele, T.G., Zhao, H., Wang, Q., Chen, J., Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of emerging organophosphate flame retardants in the marine food webs of Laizhou Bay, North China, Env. Sci. Technol., 53, ID 13417, 2019.

458. Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Li, M., Du, M., Li, X., Li, Y., A review of a class of emerging contaminants: The classification, distribution, intensity of consumption, synthesis routes, environmental effects and expectation of pollution abatement to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 2874, 2019.

459. Saito, I., Onuki, A., Seto, H., Indoor organophosphate and polybrominated flame retardants in Tokyo, Indoor Air, 17, 28, 2007.

460. Yang, F., Ding, J., Huang, W., Xie, W., Liu, W., Particle size-specific distributions and preliminary exposure assessments of organophosphate flame retardants in office air particulate matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 63, 2014.

461. Cequier, E., Ionas, A.C., Covaci, A., Marcee, R.M., Becher, G., Thomsen, C., Occurrence of a broad range of legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor environments in Norway, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6827, 2014.

462. Gravel, S., Lavoué, J., Bakhiyi, B., Diamond, M.L., Jantunen, L.M., Lavoie, J., Roberge, B., Verner, M.-A., Zayed, J., Labrèche, F., Halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in the air of electronic waste recycling facilities: Evidence of high concentrations and multiple exposures, Environ. Int., 128, 244, 2019.

463. Estill, C.F., Slone, J., Mayer, A., Chen, I.-C., La Guardia, M.J., Worker exposure to flame retardants in manufacturing, construction and service industries, Environ. Int., 135, 105349, 2020.

464. Saini, A., Thaysen, C., Jantunen, L., McQueen, R.H., Diamond, M.L., From clothing to laundry water: Investigating the fate of phthalates, brominated flame retardants, and organophosphate esters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 9289, 2016.

465. Van der Veen, I. and de Boer, J., Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis, Chemosphere, 88, 1119, 2012.

466. Chupeau, Z., Bonvallot, N., Mercier, F., Le Bot, B., Chevrier, C., Glorennec, P., Organophosphorus flame retardants: A global review of indoor contamination and human exposure in Europe and epidemiological evidence, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 6713, 2020.

467. Hou, R., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Review of OPFRs in animals and humans: Absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure research, Chemosphere, 153, 78, 2016.

468. Kajiwara, N., Noma, Y., Takigami, H., Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in selected consumer products on the Japanese market In 2008, J. Hazard. Mater., 192, 1250, 2011.

469. Wensing, M., Uhde, E., Salthammer, T., Plastics additives in the indoor environment - flame retardants and plasticizers, Sci. Total Environ., 339, 19, 2005.

470. Kemmlein, S., Hahn, O., Jann, O., Investigations on Emissions of Selected Flame Retardants. A Possible Route of Exposure?, in: Advances in the Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials: Current perspectives, presented at FRPM’05, B. Schartel (Ed.), pp. 249–262, Germany Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany, 2007.

471. Reemtsma, T., Quintana, J.B., Rodil, R., Garcia-Lopez, M., Rodriguez, I., Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I. Occurrence and fate, Trends Anal. Chem., 27, 727, 2008.

472. Ospina, M., Jayatilaka, N.K., Wong, L.-Y., Restrepo, P., Calafat, A.M., Exposure to organophosphate flame retardant chemicals in the U.S. general population: Data from the 2013–2014 national health and nutrition examination survey, Environ. Int., 110, 32, 2018.

473. Blum, A., Behhl, M., Birnbaum, L.S., Diamond, M.L., Phillips, A., Singla, V., Sipes, N.S., Stapleton, H.M., Venier, M., Organophosphate ester flame retardants: Are they a regrettable substitution for polybrominated diphenyl ethers?, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 6, 638, 2019.

474. Hartmann, P.C., Burgi, D., Giger, W., Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air, Chemosphere, 57, 781, 2004.

475. Li, J., Zhao, L., Letcher, R.J., Zhang, Y., Jian, K., Zhang, J., Su, G., A review on organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers in foodstuffs: Levels, distribution, human dietary exposure, and future directions, Environ. Int., 127, 35, 2019.

1 Email: Sergei.levchik@icl-group.com