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Palm oil is derived from the palm tree fruit. This oil has a higher percentage of saturated fat content, thus forms a jelly like substance at room temperature with high viscosity [37]. The palm oil is mostly available from plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia. The basic component present in this oil is triacylglycerol and rest of the 95% is composed of glycerol with three fatty acids. Researches have shown that some of the electrical and thermophysical attributes of this insulating oil are better than the conventional MO [38]. Palm oil has an optimal balance of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. It also has other benefits like a marginally higher flash point, higher BDV, and better PD properties. It is also biodegradable and nontoxic in nature as the oil is derived from palm fruit. Studies have shown that this oil can be used as an insulating agent in electrical apparatus [39–42]. The viscosity of palm oil is lower than most of the NEOs and somewhat lower than even MO, which gives it an added advantage [43]. A study conducted by some researchers showed the effect of moisture content on BDV and characteristics of palm oil‐based insulating oils by FTIR spectroscopy and compared with MO [44]. They showed that the moisture saturation limits of palm oil are higher than that of MO.

Figure 2.1 (a) Pongamia seeds, (b) Jatropha seeds.