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 Isolated in their own world (fascinated by some inanimate object, Figure 2.2.5a)Figure 2.2.5 (a) Fascination by an inanimate object. (b) Ritualistic behaviour and fixation with a toy.

 Antisocial behaviour

 Difficulty communicating (avoid visual contact, speech disorders may be present)

 Obsessive resistance to change

 Repetitive actions (hand movements, flapping, body balance)

 Lack of response to external stimuli

 Ritualistic or compulsive behaviour (Figure 2.2.5b)Table 2.2.2 Common concurrent conditions in the autism spectrum disorders.CategoriesExamples of conditionsDevelopmental abnormalitiesIntellectual disability (70%) Hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder (35%) Tics (25%) Motor deficits (75%)Medical disordersEpilepsy (25%) Sleep disorders (65%) Gastrointestinal diseases (40%)Psychiatric disordersAnxiety (50%) Depression (40%) Obsessive–compulsive disorder (25%)Behavioural problemsAggressiveness (60%) Self‐harm (50%) Pica (30%)

 Hypersensitive to sensory stimuli (but occasionally insensitive to pain and cold)

 Common concurrent conditions (Table 2.2.2)