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Notes
Оглавление1 1 Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60, 19 How. 393, (US 1857).
2 2 Nineteenth-century theologian Albert Barnes argued that the Golden Rule was entirely essential to the system of Christianity and anything done contrary to it violates the spirit of Christianity: “No one, under the influence of this rule, ever made a man a slave.” See, Albert Barnes, Inquiry into the Scriptural Views of Slavery (Philadelphia: Perkins & Purves, 1846), 248–249. David Walker also argued the holding of African Americans in the most “abject slavery and wretchedness” violated the Golden Rule. He stated, “Our divine Lord and Master said, ‘all things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them.’” See, David Walker, David Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, 1829, 43, accessed February 10, 2017, http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/walker/walker.html.
3 3 John Woolman 1720–1772, The Essays and Journal of John Wooman (New York: Macmillan, 1922), 340.
4 4 Anthony Benezet and David Cooper, “A Mite Cast into the Treasury: Or, Observations on Slave-keeping, 1772,” 6–8, accessed June 23, 2016, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N09682.0001.001.
5 5 Charles Elliott, Sinfulness of Slavery, Vol. 1 (Cincinnati, OH: L. Swormsdedt & J. H. Power, 1850), 274.
6 6 Elliott, Sinfulness, 275.
7 7 Elliott, Sinfulness, 276.
8 8 Elliott, Sinfulness, 278–279.
9 9 Elliott, Sinfulness, 278–279.
10 10 Allen Dwight Callahan, The Talking Book: African Americans and the Bible (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 35–36.
11 11 Robert Furman, Exposition of the View of the Baptists, Relative to the Coloured Population in the United States in Communication to the Governor of South Carolina (Charleston, SC: A. E. Miller, 1838), 10.
12 12 Furman, Exposition, 12.
13 13 James Henley Thornwell, The Rights and Duties of Masters: Preachers at the Dedication of A Church (Charleston, SC: Steam Power Press of Walker and James, 1850), 42–43.
14 14 Martha C. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 316.
15 15 Nussbaum, Upheavals, 316.
16 16 Nussbaum, Upheavals, 316.
17 17 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 US 393 (1856), accessed June 20, 2016, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/60/393/case.html.
18 18 Mark Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 86–87, Kindle Edition.
19 19 Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896), accessed July 15, 2016, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/163/537/case.html.
20 20 Plessy v. Ferguson.
21 21 See Peter J. Paris, The Social Teaching of the Black Churches (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985), xii.
22 22 Annual, SBC, 1905, 14, accessed July 17, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ml-sbcann/id/926.
23 23 Ibid.
24 24 Annual, SBC, 1906, 42, accessed June 13, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ml-sbcann/id/7999.
25 25 Annual, SBC, 1915, 50, accessed June 17, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ml-sbcann/id/7132.
26 26 Annual, SBC, 1915, 51.
27 27 Annual, SBC, 1915, 52.
28 28 Resolution, SBC, 1919, “On Religious Liberty,” accessed June 18, 2016, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/914/resolution-on-religious-liberty.
29 29 Annual, SBC, 1940, 85, accessed June 18, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ml-sbcann/id/48595.
30 30 Mark Newman, Religion and American Culture: Getting Right With God: Southern Baptists and Desegregation, 1945–1995 (Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2011), 10.
31 31 Resolution, SBC 1941, “Resolution Concerning Race Relations,” accessed July 1, 2016, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/881/resolution-concerning-race-relations.
32 32 Resolution, SBC 1941, 108.
33 33 David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 107.
34 34 Resolution, SBC, 1961, “Resolution on Race Relations,” accessed July 1, 2016, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/886/resolution-on-race-relations.
35 35 Resolution, SBC, 1961.
36 36 Annual, SBC, 1964, 229, accessed June 24, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ml-sbcann/id/35325.
37 37 Ibid.
38 38 Annual, SBC, 1965, 246, accessed June 24, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ml-sbcann/id/14084.
39 39 Ibid.
40 40 Annual, SBC, 1965, 247.
41 41 Ibid.
42 42 It is worth noting that southern Catholics took a radical rhetorical approach and taught the need for love and compassion toward African Americans. Catholics demonstrated a crisis of conscience in race relations and were determined to transform their southern congregations. The SBC saw no human crisis worthy of dismantling Jim Crow segregation and its impact on African Americans. Catholics wanted to end the racial status quo, while the SBC endorsed the continued social and political dehumanization of African Americans. In sum, the southern Catholics chose to extend love, charity, and compassion to African Americans, while the SBC chose apathy, especially during the desegregation process following Brown. See The Editors of Interracial Review, “Can Prejudice Be Cured?” 1935, 1–2, American Catholic History Classroom, The Catholic University of America, accessed June 30, 2016, http://cuomeka.wrlc.org/files/original/a359b2291ae3805ddd76e8e90ae8afc6.pdf. Also, “Bishop Fletcher’s Catechism on ‘Segregation and Racial Discrimination’ Recommended for Further Study in Advent,” Arkansas Catholic, November 25, 1960, 3, accessed July 1, 2016, http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC11251960p03.php. Both offer examples of a radical rhetoric of love of neighbor and the Golden Rule in reference to racial integration.
43 43 Resolution, SBC, 1995, “Resolution On Racial Reconciliation on the 150th Anniversary of the Southern Baptist Convention,” accessed July 15, 2016, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/899/resolution-on-racial-reconciliation-on-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-southern-baptist-convention.
44 44 Oral Memoir of David Gushee, interviewed by Barry Hankins, Religion and Culture Project, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, 2, June 16, 1999, accessed July 2, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/buioh/id/2691/rec/4.
45 45 Oral Memoir of Gary L. Frost, interviewed by Barry Hankins, Religion and Culture Project, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, 7, October 14, 1999, accessed July 2, 2016, http://digitalcollections.baylor.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/buioh/id/1518/rec/2.
46 46 Ibid., 8.
47 47 Gustav Niebuhr, “Baptist Group Votes to Repent Stand on Slaves,” New York Times, June 21, 1995,accessed June 12, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/21/us/baptist-group-votes-to-repent-stand-on-slaves.html.
48 48 Jonathan Merritt, “Column: Southern Baptist Convention, Change That Name,” USA Today, September 25, 2011, accessed June 24, 2016, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2011-09-25/southern-baptists-change-name/50546782/1.
49 49 Merritt, “Change That Name”.
50 50 Resolution, SBC, 2007, “On the 150th Anniversary of the Dred Scott Decision,” accessed July 13, 2016, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/1169/on-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-dred-scott-decision.
51 51 Becky Perlow, “Southern Baptists Elect First Black President.” CNN, June19, 2012, accessed July 1, 2016, http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/19/southern-baptists-to-elect-first-black-president.
52 52 Ibid.
53 53 Adelle M. Banks, “Southern Baptists Push To Overcome Racist Past,” USA Today, June 15, 2011, accessed July 1, 2016, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-06-14-southern-baptist-minority-membership_n.htm.
54 54 Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Touchstone, 1986, 2009), 3. Also see John F. Dovidio, Brenda Major and Jennifer Crocker, “Stigma: Introduction and Overview,” in The Social Psychology of Stigma, ed. Todd F. Heatheron, Robert E. Kleck, et. al (New York: The Guilford Press, New York, 2000), 3.
55 55 Glenn C. Loury, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
56 56 Dorothee Sölle, Suffering (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973), 36.
57 57 Sarah Eekhoff Zylstra, “Southern Baptists Repudiate the Confederate Flag,” Christianity Today, June 14, 2016, accessed July 20, 2016, http://www.christianitytoday.com/gleanings/2016/june/southern-baptists-racial-reconciliation-sbc-civilitas-pca.html.
58 58 Paul Harvey, Freedom’s Coming: Religious Culture and the Shaping of the South From the Civil War Through the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 221.
59 59 Ibid.
60 60 See Emma Green, “Southern Baptists and the Sin of Racism,” The Atlantic, April 7, 2015, accessed July 25, 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/southern-baptists-wrestle-with-the-sin-of-racism/389808.
61 61 Michael Lipka, “The Most and the Least Racially Diverse US Religious Groups,” Pew Research, July 27, 2015, accessed July 30, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/27/the-most-and-least-racially-diverse-u-s-religious-groups.
