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1 1 Ober 1989; Harris 1990; North 1990; 2004 [1990].

2 2 Münzer 1920: 133, 317, cf. 1–7, 427 and passim = Münzer 1999:127, 291, cf. 5–11, 362–363 and passim.

3 3 Syme 1939: 11; 1986: v, 13 (quotations); cf. 1939: vii, 405 and passim.

4 4 Syme 1939: 476, 459. Cf. Galsterer 1990 on Syme, his book and his method.

5 5 See Jehne 2006: 4–9; Morstein-Marx 2009: 102–108; Hölkeskamp 2001; 2017d [2012], on explicit as well as implicit assumptions of the traditional construction of Republican politics, on the long-term influence of this construct, and on the critique of this orthodoxy and its methodological approach.

6 6 Millar 2002a [1984]; 2002b [1986]; 2002c [1989]; 2002d [1995]; 2002e [1995]; 1998.

7 7 See the balanced comments by North 1990; North 2004 [1990]: 148–152, 157–158; and 2006: 274–275. See for critical discussions of Millar’s approach and results Jehne 2006: 14–20; Yakobson 2006; Hölkeskamp 2010: Chapter 1; and Hurlet 2012, with full bibliography.

8 8 Pye and Verba, eds. 1965 (esp. the Introduction by Pye and the Conclusion by Verba); Almond and Powell 1966; Pye 1968; Dittmer 1977. Cf. Chilton 1988; Rohe 1990; Fuchs 2007 and Schuppert 2008 (esp. Chapters 1 and 3), both with ample bibliography.

9 9 See the monumental collections on city-states and ‘city-state cultures’: Hansen ed. 2000, 2002; Parker 2004; Hölkeskamp 2010: 71–75.

10 10 See for modern discussions of the concept ‘political culture’, its meaning and epistemological status as a descriptive and/or analytical category in history e.g. Hunt 2004 [1984]: 10–16; see also Sharpe 1999: 853–854; Braddick 2005: 69–71, 81–82 and passim; Braddick and Walter 2005; Hölkeskamp 2009: 36–49; 2010: 53–57; and 2014: 363–367, with further references. On politics as a ‘cultural phenomenon, embedded in society’, Ober 1989: 35–42, and on ‘culture-based approaches’ to Roman history in general, Roller 2010. On monuments, works of (Greek) art etc. and their functions in Roman culture, civic life and ideological self-definition, Gruen 1992; Hölkeskamp 2001; 2004: 151–161; 2010: 61–63, with further references. See Hölscher 2014: 256–262 and passim, on the concept of ‘monu-mentality’.

11 11 On ‘public opinion’ of non-elite groups see Rosillo-López 2017a and the contributions in Rosillo-López ed. 2017b and ed. 2019.

12 12 See Rohe 1990; Stollberg-Rilinger 2000; 2005.

13 13 See Hölkeskamp 2017c [2009]: 322–323, on Meier 1980 [1966]: Chapter 4 and passim.

14 14 Berger and Luckmann 1966: Chapter 2; Giddens 1984: Chapter 6. Cf. Braddick 2005: 88; Hölkeskamp 2010: 67–70, with references. On (political as well as social) ‘structures’ and ‘institutional power’, see Beck 2009: 501–506.

15 15 Molho, Raaflaub, and Emlen eds. 1991; cf. Muir 1981 and 1997; Trexler 1980. See the editor’s introduction and conclusion in Hansen ed. 2000. For a comparative approach to aristocracies in antiquity and early modern Europe, see Beck, Scholz and Walter, eds. 2008; Fisher and van Wees, eds. 2015; and Stein-Hölkeskamp and Hölkeskamp 2018.

16 16 See Stollberg-Rilinger 2000; 2001; 2004; and 2005; Schlögl 2004, discussed by Hölkeskamp 2010: 55–57, 71–72; 2014: 359–369, with further references.

17 17 Hunt 2004 [1984]: 60–66; Ozouf 1988. See Hunt 2004 [1984]: chapters 1, 2 and passim, on the specific ‘poetics of power’ including the ‘rhetoric of revolution’, ‘imagery’, and ‘symbolic forms of political practice’, developed during the French Revolution; Hölkeskamp 2014: 363–364.

18 18 See the contributions in Haake and Harders, eds. 2017; Mouritsen 2017: 94–99 and passim; and now the surveys Hölkeskamp 2019a and 2019b, with full references. See on the lively Franco-German debate on the Republican ‘political culture’, David, Hurlet and Jehne, eds. 2020.

19 19 My definition of the concept ‘civic ritual’ follows Muir 1981: 5 and passim; cf. Muir 1997: 1–11, 232–239 and passim, with extensive commented bibliographies. See also Trexler 1980: xix, and on ‘Roman festivals and rituals’ Hopkins (1991) 2018: 319–326; Salzman 2013; Ziolkowski 2013 and the relevant contributions in Rasmus Brandt and Iddeng, eds. 2012. The fundamental importance of a ‘consensus’ – if only in the shape of a ‘fiction’ or ‘façade’ – is emphasised by Stollberg-Rilinger 2001: 22–23; see Hunt 2004 [1984]: 14–15, 213–215 on the analysis of ‘symbolic sources of unity’ and ‘social sources of coherence’ as central theme of a political-cultural approach; see also Hölkeskamp 2010: 44–45, 98–99, 133–135.

20 20 See for the fundamental importance of hierarchy, authority and power, not only with respect to familia and domus, Saller 1994: Chapters 5 and 6, and the important book by Flaig 2003; Harris 2010; 2016 : chapters 1–3 and 8; Brennan 2014.

21 21 See Hölkeskamp 2011b [1987] and Beck 2005.

22 22 Muir 1981: 183, 185–211, cf. 7; 1997: 229–268 and now Hölkeskamp 2014: 369–384.

23 23 See the introduction and other contributions in Bergmann and Kondoleon 1999; Gruen 1996: 220–225; Flaig 2003; Bell 2004; Sumi 2005: 1–46; Hölkeskamp 2017b [2006]: 189–198 and passim; 2010: 55–61; Coleman 2010; Flower 2014a.

24 24 See on the Roman Republic as ‘theatre of power’, Hölkeskamp 2011a.

25 25 Sharpe 1999: 854; cf. Bell 2004: 7–23 and passim.

26 26 See Flower 1996 and 2014a: 389–392; Flaig 2003: 49–74; Hölkeskamp 2017b [2008]: 218–221, 227–229, with further references. See on the Forum Romanum and its complex functions as civic space now Muth 2014.

27 27 See Flower 2014a: 382–389; Hölkeskamp 2017a [2006]: 209–218, 224–227, with further references; Östenberg 2009.

28 28 ‘Little, or much, of what we see, we do/We’re all both actors and spectators too’: quoted after Schanzer 1968: 51.

29 29 See Hölkeskamp 2017a [2006]: 222–224, 230–236, with references; Latham 2016; Salzman 2013.

30 30 See the ‘thick description’ by Morstein-Marx 2004: chapters 1, 2 and passim; Hölkeskamp 2004a [1995]: 234–242; Bell 1997: 2–3 and passim; Pina Polo 1989; 1996; and 2012, and the contributions in four edited books: Smith and Covino, eds. 2011; Steel and Van der Blom, eds. 2013; Gray, Balbo, Marshall and Steel, eds. 2018; and Van der Blom, Gray, Steel, eds. 2018; as well as Van der Blom 2016: 33–38; and Mouritsen 2017; 61–67, 72–94, all with further references.

31 31 Jehne 2006: 20–23; cf. 2003; Flaig 2003: 168–174, and Hopkins 2018 [1991]: 330–336; Mouritsen 2017: 67–72.

32 32 See Hölkeskamp 2004a [1995]: 219–234; Bücher 2006; David 2006; Morstein-Marx 2004: chapters 1–3; Van der Blom 2016.

33 33 See Hölkeskamp 2017b [2008]; Harris 2010; 2016: chapters 2–3.

34 34 Hölscher 1998: 69–76; 2003: 164, 184–190; Hölkeskamp 2004b [2001]; 2010: 72–74, 135; 2017b [2008]: 189–209; and 2017e: 472–480; see also Beck 2009: 506–508.