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Prefixes, suffixes and abbreviations
ОглавлениеPrefix: A prefix is positioned at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. Pre means ‘before’. Prefixes may also indicate a location, number, or time.
Suffix: The ending part of a word that changes the meaning of the word.
| Prefix or suffix | Meaning | Example(s) |
|---|---|---|
| a‐, an‐ | not, without | analgesic, apathy |
| ab‐ | from; away from | abduction |
| abdomin(o)‐ | of or relating to the abdomen | abdomen |
| acous(io)‐ | of or relating to hearing | acoumeter, acoustician |
| acr(o)‐ | extremity, topmost | acrocrany, acromegaly, acroosteolysis, acroposthia |
| ad‐ | at, increase, on, toward | adduction |
| aden(o)‐, aden(i)‐ | of or relating to a gland | adenocarcinoma, adenology, adenotome, adenotyphus |
| adip(o)‐ | of or relating to fat or fatty tissue | adipocyte |
| adren(o)‐ | of or relating to adrenal glands | adrenal artery |
| ‐aemia | blood condition | anaemia |
| aer(o)‐ | air, gas | aerosinusitis |
| ‐aesthesi(o)‐ | sensation | anaesthesia |
| alb‐ | denoting a white or pale colour | albino |
| ‐alge(si)‐ | pain | analgesic |
| ‐algia, ‐alg(i)o‐ | pain | myalgia |
| all(o‐) | denoting something as different, or as an addition | alloantigen, allopathy |
| ambi‐ | denoting something as positioned on both sides | ambidextrous |
| amni‐ | pertaining to the membranous fetal sac (amnion) | amniocentesis |
| ana‐ | back, again, up | anaplasia |
| andr(o)‐ | pertaining to a man | android, andrology |
| angi(o)‐ | blood vessel | angiogram |
| ankyl(o)‐, ancyl(o)‐ | denoting something as crooked or bent | ankylosis |
| ante‐ | describing something as positioned in front of another thing | antepartum |
| anti‐ | describing something as ‘against’ or ‘opposed to’ another | antibody, antipsychotic |
| arteri(o)‐ | of or pertaining to an artery | arteriole, arterial |
| arthr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the joints, limbs | arthritis |
| articul(o)‐ | joint | articulation |
| ‐ase | enzyme | lactase |
| ‐asthenia | weakness | myasthenia gravis |
| ather(o)‐ | fatty deposit, soft gruel‐like deposit | atherosclerosis |
| atri(o)‐ | an atrium (especially heart atrium) | atrioventricular |
| aur(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the ear | aural |
| aut(o)‐ | self | autoimmune |
| axill‐ | of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix) | axilla |
| bi‐ | twice, double | binary |
| bio‐ | life | biology |
| blephar(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eyelid | blepharoplast |
| brachi(o)‐ | of or relating to the arm | brachium of inferior colliculus |
| brady‐ | ‘slow’ | bradycardia |
| bronch(i)‐ | bronchus | bronchiolitis obliterans |
| bucc(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the cheek | buccolabial |
| burs(o)‐ | bursa (fluid sac between the bones) | bursitis |
| carcin(o)‐ | cancer | carcinoma |
| cardi(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the heart | cardiology |
| carp(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the wrist | carpal tunnel |
| ‐cele | pouching, hernia | hydrocele, varicocele |
| ‐centesis | surgical puncture for aspiration | amniocentesis |
| cephal(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the head (as a whole) | cephalalgy |
| cerebell(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the cerebellum | cerebellum |
| cerebr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the brain | cerebrology |
| chem(o)‐ | chemistry, drug | chemotherapy |
| cholecyst(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the gallbladder | cholecystectomy |
| chondr(i)o‐ | cartilage, gristle, granule, granular | chondrocalcinosis |
| chrom(ato)‐ | colour | haemochromatosis |
| ‐cidal, ‐cide | killing, destroying | bacteriocidal |
| cili‐ | of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes | ciliary |
| circum‐ | denoting something as ‘around’ another | circumcision |
| col(o)‐, colono‐ | colon | colonoscopy |
| colp(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the vagina | colposcopy |
| contra‐ | against | contraindicate |
| coron(o)‐ | crown | coronary |
| cost(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ribs | costochondral |
| crani(o)‐ | belonging or relating to the cranium | craniology |
| ‐crine, ‐crin(o)‐ | to secrete | endocrine |
| cry(o)‐ | cold | cryoablation |
| cutane‐ | skin | subcutaneous |
| cyan(o)‐ | denotes a blue colour | cyanosis |
| cyst(o)‐, cyst(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the urinary bladder | cystotomy |
| cyt(o)‐ | cell | cytokine |
| ‐cyte | cell | leukocyte |
| ‐dactyl(o)‐ | of or pertaining to a finger, toe | dactylology, polydactyly |
| dent‐ | of or pertaining to teeth | dentist |
| dermat(o)‐, derm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the skin | dermatology |
| ‐desis | binding | arthrodesis |
| dextr(o)‐ | right, on the right side | dextrocardia |
| di‐ | two | diplopia |
| dia‐ | through, during, across | dialysis |
| dif‐ | apart, separation | different |
| digit‐ | of or pertaining to the finger (rare as a root) | digit |
| ‐dipsia | suffix meaning ‘(condition of) thirst’ | polydipsia, hydroadipsia, oligodipsia |
| dors(o)‐, dors(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the back | dorsal, dorsocephalad |
| duodeno‐ | duodenum | duodenal atresia |
| dynam(o)‐ | force, energy, power | hand strength dynamometer |
| ‐dynia | pain | vulvodynia |
| dys‐ | bad, difficult, defective, abnormal | dysphagia, dysphasia |
| ec‐ | out, away | ectopia, ectopic pregnancy |
| ‐ectasia, ‐ectasis | expansion, dilation | bronchiectasis, telangiectasia |
| ect(o)‐ | outer, outside | ectoblast, ectoderm |
| ‐ectomy | denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part; resection, excision | mastectomy |
| ‐emesis | vomiting condition | haematemesis |
| encephal(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the brain; also see cerebr(o)‐ | encephalogram |
| endo‐ | denotes something as ‘inside’ or ‘within’ | endocrinology, endospore |
| enter(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the intestine | gastroenterology |
| epi‐ | on, upon | epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis |
| erythr(o)‐ | denotes a red colour | erythrocyte |
| ex‐ | out of, away from | excision, exophthalmos |
| exo‐ | denotes something as ‘outside’ another | exoskeleton |
| extra‐ | outside | extradural haematoma |
| faci(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the face | facioplegic |
| fibr(o) | fibre | fibroblast |
| fore‐ | before or ahead | forehead |
| fossa | a hollow or depressed area; trench or channel | fossa ovalis |
| front‐ | of or pertaining to the forehead | frontonasal |
| galact(o)‐ | milk | galactorrhoea |
| gastr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the stomach | gastric bypass |
| ‐genic | formative, pertaining to producing | cardiogenic shock |
| gingiv‐ | of or pertaining to the gums | gingivitis |
| glauc(o)‐ | denoting a grey or bluish‐grey colour | glaucoma |
| gloss(o)‐, glott(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the tongue | glossology |
| gluco‐ | sweet | glucocorticoid |
| glyc(o)‐ | sugar | glycolysis |
| ‐gnosis | knowledge | diagnosis, prognosis |
| gon(o)‐ | seed, semen; also, reproductive | gonorrhoea |
| ‐gram, ‐gramme | record or picture | angiogram |
| ‐graph | instrument used to record data or picture | electrocardiograph |
| ‐graphy | process of recording | angiography |
| gyn(aec)o‐ | woman | gynaecomastia |
| haemangi(o)‐ | blood vessels | haemangioma |
| haemat(o)‐, haem‐ | of or pertaining to blood | haematology |
| halluc‐ | to wander in mind | hallucinosis |
| hemi‐ | one‐half | cerebral hemisphere |
| hepat‐ (hepatic‐) | of or pertaining to the liver | hepatology |
| heter(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘the other’ (of two), as an addition, or different | heterogeneous |
| hist(o)‐, histio‐ | tissue | histology |
| home(o)‐ | similar | homeopathy |
| hom(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘the same’ as another or common | homosexuality |
| hydr(o)‐ | water | hydrophobe |
| hyper‐ | denotes something as ‘extreme’ or ‘beyond normal’ | hypertension |
| hyp(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘below normal’ | hypovolaemia |
| hyster(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus | hysterectomy |
| iatr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to medicine, or a physician | iatrogenic |
| ‐iatry | denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component | podiatry, psychiatry |
| ‐ics | organised knowledge, treatment | obstetrics |
| ileo‐ | ileum | ileocaecal valve |
| infra‐ | below | infrahyoid muscles |
| inter‐ | between, among | interarticular ligament |
| intra‐ | within | intramural |
| ipsi‐ | same | ipsilateral hemiparesis |
| ischio‐ | of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip joint | ischioanal fossa |
| ‐ismus | spasm, contraction | hemiballismus |
| iso‐ | denoting something as being ‘equal’ | isotonic |
| ‐ist | one who specialises in | pathologist |
| ‐itis | inflammation | tonsillitis |
| ‐ium | structure, tissue | pericardium |
| juxta‐ (iuxta‐) | near to, alongside or next to | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| karyo‐ | nucleus | eukaryote |
| kerat(o)‐ | cornea (eye or skin) | keratoscope |
| kin(e)‐, kin(o)‐, kinesi(o)‐ | movement | kinaesthesia |
| kyph(o)‐ | humped | kyphoscoliosis |
| labi(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the lip | labiodental |
| lacrim(o)‐ | tear | lacrimal canaliculi |
| lact(i)‐, lact(o) | milk | lactation |
| lapar(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the abdomen wall, flank | laparotomy |
| laryng(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is | larynx |
| latero‐ | lateral | lateral pectoral nerve |
| ‐lepsis, ‐lepsy | attack, seizure | epilepsy, narcolepsy |
| lept(o)‐ | light, slender | leptomeningeal |
| leuc(o)‐, leuk(o)‐ | denoting a white colour | leukocyte |
| lingu(a)‐, lingu(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the tongue | linguistics |
| lip(o)‐ | fat | liposuction |
| lith(o)‐ | stone, calculus | lithotripsy |
| ‐logist | denotes someone who studies a certain field | oncologist, pathologist |
| log(o)‐ | speech | logopaedics |
| ‐logy | denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field | haematology, urology |
| lymph(o)‐ | lymph | lymphoedema |
| lys(o)‐, ‐lytic | dissolution | lysosome |
| ‐lysis | destruction, separation | paralysis |
| macr(o)‐ | large, long | macrophage |
| ‐malacia | softening | osteomalacia |
| mammill(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nipple | mammillitis |
| mamm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the breast | mammogram |
| manu‐ | of or pertaining to the hand | manufacture |
| mast(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the breast | mastectomy |
| meg(a)‐, megal(o)‐, ‐megaly | enlargement, million | splenomegaly, megameter |
| melan(o)‐ | black colour | melanin |
| mening(o)‐ | membrane | meningitis |
| meta‐ | after, behind | metacarpus |
| ‐meter | instrument used to measure or count | sphygmomanometer |
| metr(o)‐ | pertaining to conditions of the uterus | metrorrhagia |
| ‐metry | process of measuring | optometry |
| micro‐ | denoting something as small, or relating to smallness | microscope |
| milli‐ | thousandth | millilitre |
| mon(o)‐ | single | infectious mononucleosis |
| morph(o)‐ | form, shape | morphology |
| muscul(o)‐ | muscle | musculoskeletal system |
| my(o)‐ | of or relating to muscle | myoblast |
| myc(o)‐ | fungus | onychomycosis |
| myel(o)‐ | of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord | myeloblast |
| myri‐ | ten thousand | myriad |
| myring(o)‐ | eardrum | myringotomy |
| narc(o)‐ | numb, sleep | narcolepsy |
| nas(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nose | nasal |
| necr(o)‐ | death | necrosis, necrotising fasciitis |
| neo‐ | new | neoplasm |
| nephr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the kidney | nephrology |
| neur(i)‐, neur(o)‐ | of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system | neurofibromatosis |
| normo‐ | normal | normocapnia |
| ocul(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eye | oculist |
| odont(o)‐ | of or pertaining to teeth | orthodontist |
| odyn(o)‐ | pain | stomatodynia |
| ‐oesophageal, oesophag(o)‐ | gullet | gastro‐oesophageal reflux |
| ‐oid | resemblance to | sarcoidosis |
| ‐ole | small or little | arteriole |
| olig(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘having little, having few’ | oliguria |
| ‐oma (sing.), ‐omata (pl.) | tumour, mass, collection | sarcoma, teratoma |
| onco‐ | tumour, bulk, volume | oncology |
| onych(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe) | onychophagy |
| oo‐ | of or pertaining to an egg, a woman’s egg, the ovum | oogenesis |
| oophor(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the woman’s ovary | oophorectomy |
| ophthalm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eye | ophthalmology |
| optic(o)‐ | of or relating to chemical properties of the eye | opticochemical |
| orchi(o)‐, orchid(o)‐, orch(o)‐ | testes | orchiectomy, orchidectomy |
| ‐osis | a condition, disease or increase | ichthyosis, psychosis, osteoporosis |
| osseo‐ | bony | osseous |
| ossi‐ | bone | peripheral ossifying fibroma |
| ost(e)‐, oste(o)‐ | bone | osteoporosis |
| ot(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ear | otology |
| ovo‐, ovi‐, ov‐ | of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum | ovogenesis |
| pachy‐ | thick | pachyderma |
| paed‐, paedo‐ | of or pertaining to the child | paediatrics |
| palpebr‐ | of or pertaining to the eyelid (uncommon as a root) | palpebra |
| pan‐, pant(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘complete’ or containing ‘everything’ | panophobia, panopticon |
| papill‐ | of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast) | papillitis |
| papul(o)‐ | indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling | papulation |
| para‐ | alongside of, abnormal | paracyesis |
| ‐paresis | slight paralysis | hemiparesis |
| parvo‐ | small | parvovirus |
| path(o)‐ | disease | pathology |
| ‐pathy | denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder | sociopathy, neuropathy |
| pector‐ | breast | pectoralgia, pectoriloquy, pectorophony |
| ped‐, ‐ped‐, ‐pes | of or pertaining to the foot; ‐footed | pedoscope |
| pelv(i)‐, pelv(o)‐ | hip bone | pelvis |
| ‐penia | deficiency | osteopenia |
| ‐pepsia | denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract | dyspepsia |
| peri‐ | denoting something with a position ‘surrounding’ or ‘around’ another | periodontal |
| ‐pexy | fixation | nephropexy |
| phaco‐ | lens‐shaped | phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma |
| ‐phage, ‐phagia | forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion | sarcophagia |
| ‐phago‐ | eating, devouring | phagocyte |
| ‐phagy | forms nouns that denotes ‘feeding on’ the first element or part of the word | haematophagy |
| pharmaco‐ | drug, medication | pharmacology |
| pharyng(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity | pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy |
| phleb(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein | phlebography, phlebotomy |
| ‐phobia | exaggerated fear, sensitivity | arachnophobia |
| phon(o)‐ | sound | phonograph, symphony |
| phot(o)‐ | of or pertaining to light | photopathy |
| phren(i)‐, phren(o)‐, phrenico | the mind | phrenic nerve, schizophrenia |
| ‐plasia | formation, development | achondroplasia |
| ‐plasty | surgical repair, reconstruction | rhinoplasty |
| ‐plegia | paralysis | paraplegia |
| pleio‐ | more, excessive, multiple | pleiomorphism |
| pleur(o)‐, pleur(a) | of or pertaining to the ribs | pleurogenous |
| ‐plexy | stroke or seizure | cataplexy |
| pneumat(o)‐ | air, lung | pneumatocele |
| pneum(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the lungs | pneumonocyte, pneumonia |
| ‐poiesis | production | haematopoiesis |
| poly‐ | denotes a ‘plurality’ of something | polymyositis |
| post‐ | denotes something as ‘after’ or ‘behind’ another | post‐operation, post‐mortem |
| pre‐ | denotes something as ‘before’ another (in [physical] position or time) | premature birth |
| presby(o)‐ | old age | presbyopia |
| prim‐ | denotes something as ‘first’ or ‘most important’ | primary |
| proct(o)‐ | anus, rectum | proctology |
| prot(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘first’ or ‘most important’ | protoneuron |
| pseud(o)‐ | denotes something false or fake | pseudoephedrine |
| psor‐ | itching | psoriasis |
| psych(e)‐, psych(o) | of or pertaining to the mind | psychology, psychiatry |
| ‐ptosis | falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse | apoptosis, nephroptosis |
| ‐ptysis | (a spitting), spitting, haemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes | haemoptysis |
| pulmon‐, pulmo‐ | of or relating to the lungs | pulmonary |
| pyel(o)‐ | pelvis | pyelonephritis |
| py(o)‐ | pus | pyometra |
| pyr(o)‐ | fever | antipyretic |
| quadr(i)‐ | four | quadriceps |
| radio‐ | radiation | radiowave |
| ren(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the kidney | renal |
| retro‐ | backward, behind | retroversion, retroverted |
| rhin(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nose | rhinoplasty |
| rhod(o)‐ | denoting a rose‐red colour | rhodophyte |
| ‐rrhage | burst forth | haemorrhage |
| ‐rrhagia | rapid flow of blood | menorrhagia |
| ‐rrhaphy | surgical suturing | nephrorrhaphy |
| ‐rrhexis | rupture | karyorrhexis |
| ‐rrhoea | flowing, discharge | diarrhoea |
| ‐rupt | break or burst | erupt, interrupt |
| salping(o)‐ | of or pertaining to tubes, e.g. Fallopian tubes | salpingectomy, salpingopharyngeus muscle |
| sangui‐, sanguine‐ | of or pertaining to blood | exsanguination |
| sarco‐ | muscular, flesh‐like | sarcoma |
| scler(o)‐ | hard | scleroderma |
| ‐sclerosis | hardening | atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis |
| scoli(o)‐ | twisted | scoliosis |
| ‐scope | instrument for viewing | otoscope |
| ‐scopy | use of instrument for viewing | endoscopy |
| semi‐ | one‐half, partly | semiconscious |
| sial(o)‐ | saliva, salivary gland | sialagogue |
| sigmoid(o)‐ | sigmoid, S‐shaped curvature | sigmoid colon |
| sinistr(o)‐ | left, left side | sinistrocardia |
| sinus‐ | of or pertaining to the sinus | sinusitis |
| somat(o)‐,somatico‐ | body, bodily | somatic |
| ‐spadias | slit, fissure | hypospadias, epispadias |
| spasmo‐ | spasm | spasmodic dysphonia |
| sperma(to)‐, spermo‐ | semen, spermatozoa | spermatogenesis |
| splen(o)‐ | spleen | splenectomy |
| spondyl(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra | spondylitis |
| squamos(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘full of scales’ or ‘scaly’ | squamous cell |
| ‐stalsis | contraction | peristalsis |
| ‐stasis | stopping, standing | cytostasis, homeostasis |
| ‐staxis | dripping, trickling | epistaxis |
| ‐stenosis | abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure | restenosis, stenosis |
| stomat(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the mouth | stomatogastric, stomatognathic system |
| ‐stomy | creation of an opening | colostomy |
| sub‐ | beneath | subcutaneous tissue |
| super‐ | in excess, above, superior | superior vena cava |
| supra‐ | above, excessive | supraorbital vein |
| tachy‐ | denoting something as fast, irregularly fast | tachycardia |
| ‐tension, ‐tensive | pressure | hypertension |
| tetan‐ | rigid, tense | tetanus |
| thec‐ | case, sheath | intrathecal |
| therap‐ | treatment | hydrotherapy, therapeutic |
| therm(o)‐ | heat | thermometer |
| thorac(i)‐, thorac(o)‐, thoracico‐ | of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck | thorax |
| thromb(o)‐ | of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood | thrombus, thrombocytopenia |
| thyr(o)‐ | thyroid | thyrocele |
| thym‐ | emotions | dysthymia |
| ‐tome | cutting instrument | osteotome |
| ‐tomy | act of cutting; incising, incision | gastrotomy |
| tono‐ | tone, tension, pressure | tonometer |
| top(o)‐ | place, topical | topical anaesthetic |
| tort(i)‐ | twisted | torticollis |
| tox(i)‐, tox(o)‐, toxic(o)‐ | toxin, poison | toxoplasmosis |
| trache(a)‐ | trachea | tracheotomy |
| trachel(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the neck | tracheloplasty |
| trans‐ | denoting something as moving or situated ‘across’ or ‘through’ | transfusion |
| tri‐ | three | triangle |
| trich(i)‐, trichia, trich(o)‐ | of or pertaining to hair, hair‐like structure | trichocyst |
| ‐tripsy | crushing | lithotripsy |
| ‐trophy | nourishment, development | pseudohypertrophy |
| tympan(o)‐ | eardrum | tympanocentesis |
| ‐ula, ‐ule | small | nodule |
| ultra‐ | beyond, excessive | ultrasound |
| un(i)‐ | one | unilateral hearing loss |
| ur(o)‐ | of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system; (specifically) pertaining to the physiological chemistry of urine | urology |
| uter(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the uterus or womb | uterus |
| vagin‐ | of or pertaining to the vagina | vagina |
| varic(o)‐ | swollen or twisted vein | varicose |
| vasculo‐ | blood vessel | vasculotoxicity |
| vas(o)‐ | duct, blood vessel | vasoconstriction |
| ven‐ | of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein (used in terms pertaining to the vascular system) | vein, venospasm |
| ventricul(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ventricles; any hollow region inside an organ | cardiac ventriculography |
| ventr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the belly; the stomach cavities | ventrodorsal |
| ‐version | turning | anteversion, retroversion |
| vesic(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the bladder | vesical arteries |
| viscer(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera | viscera |
| xanth(o)‐ | denoting a yellow colour, an abnormally yellow colour | xanthopathy |
| xen(o)‐ | foreign, different | xenograft |
| xer(o)‐ | dry, desert‐like | xerostomia |
| zo(o)‐ | animal, animal life | zoology |
| zym(o)‐ | fermentation | enzyme, lysozyme |
