Читать книгу Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries - Группа авторов - Страница 78

Power plants for electricity generation frequently have been built on estuaries or their tributaries (e.g. Kennish & Lutz 1984, Cattrijsse et al. 2002) and may threaten production and recruitment of estuarine fishes (McLusky & Elliott 2004), including anadromous salmonids and alosines (Taverny 1990, Costa et al. 2002). For decades it has been recognised that these plants present multiple threats to reproduction and recruitment of resident and anadromous fishes through (i) habitat destruction/modification during power plant construction; (ii) releases of effluent cooling water with temperatures far above ambient that may exceed tolerances of fish eggs and larvae; (iii) entrainment and impingement of early‐life stages in waters drawn from the estuary to cool condensers; (iv) discharge of chlorinated by‐products where antifouling methods are used and (v) effects on behaviour of spawning adults and recruiting juveniles. Precautions and regulations usually limit the extent of damage from power plant operations (Barnthouse 2013), but they are, in some instances, a substantial source of mortality to young fishes (NRDC 2014), for example through impingement of dominant species, including the osmerid Osmerus eperlanus and clupeids Clupea harengus and Sprattus sprattus (Greenwood 2008).