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Preface

The goal of this book is to provide detailed, in-depth information on the state-of-the-art of the architecture and infrastructure used to develop smart cities using the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain security—the key technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The book outlines the theoretical concepts, experimental studies and various smart city applications that create value for inhabitants of urban areas. Several issues that have arisen with the advent of smart cities and novel solutions to resolve these issues are presented. The IoT along with the integration of blockchain and AI provides efficient, safe, secure, and transparent ways to solve different types of social, governmental, and demographic issues in the dynamic urban environment. A top-down strategy is adopted to introduce the architecture, infrastructure, features, and security. The topics covered include the following:

 – Chapter 1 starts with the basics of blockchain technology such as the design of blockchain, its elements, and functionalities. It then takes a deep dive into aspects of blockchain technology such as security, various types of consensus mechanisms, and application of blockchain technology in a smart city. Also discussed are the financial application and citizen-government framework, along with security and privacy issues and the future research direction of blockchain.

 – Chapter 2 begins with the emergence and concept of the smart city. It discusses how new technologies such as the IoT can be utilized in the health industry, home automation, agriculture, supermarkets, transportation, etc.; and how they are interconnected to become a smart city. Technical innovations used in the smart city provide support for city management and transform natural resources, infrastructure, and intellectual assets into automation.

 – Chapter 3 surveys the integration of blockchain and AI from the perspective of the smart city by presenting an in-depth review of various scientific research studies on the basics of blockchain and real-time applications. It then summarizes the applications and opportunities associated with blockchain, and the challenges involved in its use in smart cities.

 – Chapter 4 explores the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and AI along with the IoT in smart cities. It focuses on the issues facing increasing populations in urban cities around the globe and discusses the impact of implementing AI to change existing cities into the new smart cities of the future. Moreover, it discusses the applications in smart cities that reduce issues related to areas such as smart grid, agriculture, transportation, smart metering, etc.

 – Chapter 5 discusses the use of blockchain in vehicle registration to support the smart city based on 5G technology. It presents a vehicle management system called DriveLoop, which is a simple method that allows car manufacturers, owners, repair companies, and insurance agencies to register and add new entries for cars. A detailed architecture view, algorithm, and working scheme for the DriveLoop application system is presented.

 – Chapter 6 discusses the solution to the issue of using excessive computer technology in a modern-day smart city. It gives a detailed description of the design of an adaptive chair and desk based on a fuzzy controller system to maintain a correct posture for humans of different physical stature while sitting and using a computer system excessively. The adaptive system adjusts the chair and desk autonomously based on the quality of data collected and provided to the control system.

 – Chapter 7 examines how blockchain technology can disrupt the traditional financial practices of the agro sector by drastically minimizing the financial costs in the international commodity exchange. In addition, blockchain helps in transparent commodity exchange settlement, easy tracing of exchanged trading, specified documents formatting for sales contracts, as well as accelerates the settlement process.

 – Chapter 8 delivers a complete secure blockchain-based framework for smart farming based on IoT sensors and the use of an interplanetary file system (IPFS) for storing sensitive information related to farming. Also, blockchain-based smart farming provides farmers with a support system to meet some of their needs.

 – Chapter 9 provides a review of different aspects of blockchain technology and highlights its key characteristics, architecture, and taxonomy. Moreover, it also provides insights into the various consensus algorithms and major application areas of blockchain technology.

 – Chapter 10 explores the mechanisms that make a city smart as well as explains the different technological dimensions of smart cities. It explains the problem domain along with the various challenges faced during the development of a smart city such as waste management issues, pollution, traffic congestion, outdated homes, huge energy consumption, etc.

 – Chapter 11 focuses on the future status of blockchain, which will either revolutionize the digital world and transcend trending technologies, or pose a threat to them becoming obsolete. It explores the keys to making blockchain a debatable benchmark rather than an unfortunate event in the technical podium.

 – Chapter 12 provides an overview of blockchain technology along with its detailed architecture and components. It also discusses various types of consensus mechanisms used in blockchain technology.

 – Chapter 13 considers the prospects of implementing blockchain technology in the construction industry to help alleviate the current challenges and disruption in supply chain and value chain activities. It also discusses the issues faced by the industry as a result of blockchain still being in its infancy stage and therefore is crippled by limited funding, the unavailability of skilled manpower as well as lack of proper governmental support. It presents strategies for robust, resilient, reliable, less costly, environmentally friendly smart cities by initiating all the stakeholders in private and public sectors to work jointly with the provisional guidelines prescribed by the policy makers.

This book is formatted in such a way as to allow relevant requirements to be analyzed and adopted by the reader. The wide range of topics presented in this book was chosen to provide the reader with a better understanding of smart cities integrated with AI and blockchain and related security issues. We anticipate that the reader will benefit from this approach.

Vishal Kumar Vishal Jain Bharti Sharma Jyotir Moy Chatterjee Rakesh Shrestha