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Fractures in the Horse
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Страница 7
Страница 8
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Страница 11
1 Introduction
Historical Review
The Ancient World
Middle Ages/Mediaeval Period
The Renaissance/Reformation
The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution
The Twentieth and Twenty‐first Centuries
The Future
References
2 Bone Structure and Function
Introduction
Bone Architecture
Cellular Components
Bone Formation
Vascular Supply
Innervation
Microstructure
Ultrastructure
Organic Component
Inorganic Component
Mineralization
Function
Tissue (Material) Properties
Structural (Whole Bone) Properties
Adaptation
Stress Protection
Conclusions
References
3 Pathophysiology of Fractures
Material Features of Bone Failure
Loading Modes
Locally Acting Loading Modes
Globally Acting Loading Modes and Resulting Fracture Configurations
Tension
Compression
Torsion
Bending
Shear
Combined Loading
Relationships Between Location and Morphology
The Mechanical Behaviour of Bone
Structural Properties and the Load–Deformation Curve
Material Properties and the Stress–Strain Curve
The Role of Geometry
Viscoelasticity
Monotonic and Repetitive Stress Fractures
Classifications of Fractures
Fracture Topography
Completeness
Complexity
Displacement
Contamination
Articular Involvement
Other Factors
References
4 Fracture Epidemiology
State of Knowledge
Geographic, Discipline and Horse Level Incidence
Incidence of Fractures Sustained During Competition Thoroughbred Racing
Thoroughbred Racing in North America
Thoroughbred Racing in the UK
Thoroughbred Racing in Other Countries
Quarter Horse Racing
Endurance Riding
Eventing
Incidence of Fractures Sustained During Training Thoroughbred Training
Showjumping Training
Measures of Fracture Incidence in Other Horses
Risk Factors, Predisposing Factors and Evidence
Risk Factors Associated with Training Regimens
The Importance of Detailed Information About Horses Under Investigation
Predictability and Potential for Effective Screening
References
5 Imaging Fractures
Introduction
Image Quality
Image Interpretation
Negative Studies
Radiography General Principles
Technical Considerations Projections
Artefacts and Other Misleading Features
Limitations
Principles of Interpretation
Fracture Types Monotonic Fractures
Stress Fractures
Articular Fractures
Fissure Fractures
Avulsion Fractures
Compression Fractures
Accompanying Features Soft Tissue Swelling
Presence of Gas Lucency
Monitoring Fracture Healing
Ultrasonography General Principles
Technical Considerations Transducers
Artefacts and Other Misleading Features
Limitations
Principles of Interpretation
Entheses
Secondary Features
Monitoring Fracture Healing
Nuclear Scintigraphy General Principles
Technical Considerations Time of Evaluation
Patient Preparation
Image Acquisition
Image Quality
Descriptors
Quantitative Assessment
Qualitative Assessment
Clinical Indications
Limitations
Principles of Interpretation
Dorsal Cortex of the Third Metacarpal Bone
Enostosis‐like Lesions
Monitoring Fracture Healing
Computed Tomography General Principles
Technical Considerations
Artefacts
Clinical Indications
Limitations
Principles of Interpretation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging General Principles
Technical Considerations
Clinical Indications
Limitations
Principles of Interpretation
Monitoring Fracture Healing
Positron Emission Tomography
References
6 Bone Healing
Introduction and Principles
Phases of Bone Healing
Cellular and Humeral Influences on Bone Healing
Mechanical Influences on Bone Healing
Monitoring Bone Healing
Healing of Stress Fractures
Healing of Incomplete Fractures
Healing of Complete Non‐displaced Fractures
Healing of Displaced Fractures
Healing of Reduced and Repaired Fractures
Healing of Repaired But Non‐reduced and/or Unstable Fractures
Effects of Internal Fixation on Bone Healing
Effects of External Fixation on Bone Healing
Intrinsic Factors That Affect Healing
Exogenous Factors That Influence Fracture Healing Pharmacologic Influences
Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs
Bisphosphonates
Antimicrobials
Biological Techniques
Bone Grafts
Synthetic Bone Substitutes
Exogenous Devices
Conclusions
References
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