Читать книгу Fractures in the Horse - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Number of papers on equine fractures published in the veterinary ...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Normal femur of an embryonic mouse (a) and one that was transplan...Figure 2.2 Third metatarsal bones from a neonatal Thoroughbred foal (left) a...Figure 2.3 Diagrammatic illustration of blood supply to a long bone of the a...Figure 2.4 Microradiograph of a 100 μm thick, undecalcified section of corti...Figure 2.5 Composite photomicrograph of a transverse section through the lat...Figure 2.6 Diagrammatic illustration of plexiform bone, based on the histolo...Figure 2.7 The geometric properties of bone can be modified through the coor...Figure 2.8 Diagrammatic representation of an isolated secondary osteon compl...Figure 2.9 Model of hierarchical structure of collagen fibrils. Three helica...Figure 2.10 Schematic diagram showing progressive steps in the mineralizatio...Figure 2.11 Graphical and schematic illustrations of the relationship betwee...Figure 2.12 Graphical and schematic illustrations of the relationship betwee...Figure 2.13 Graphical and schematic illustrations of the relationship betwee...Figure 2.14 Schematic to illustrate the effects of the mechanical properties...Figure 2.15 Effects of progressive radiation damage to the organic phase of ...Figure 2.16 Eccentric compressive loading on bones of the appendicular skele...Figure 2.17 Line drawing illustrating the stress intensity (colour density) ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Schematic illustration of bone microstructure showing major osteo...Figure 3.2 Common fracture configurations and simplified causative forces il...Figure 3.3 Tensile loads cause the bone to elongate and narrow. Failure occu...Figure 3.4 Compressive loads cause the bone to shorten and widen. Failure oc...Figure 3.5 Shear stresses arising from torsional loading result in tensile a...Figure 3.6 Bending creates tensile and compressive loads on different sides ...Figure 3.7 Three‐point bending configurations have a central load point at t...Figure 3.8 A shear force is an external force acting on an object or surface...Figure 3.9 Representative load–deformation curve for a whole bone.Figure 3.10 Diagrammatic representations of stresses and strains. (a) A forc...Figure 3.11 Example of a stress–strain curve of a bone sample.Figure 3.12 Compressive stress–strain behaviour of one compact and two trabe...Figure 3.13 Factors influencing the deformation of bone subjected to a bendi...Figure 3.14 Formulae for the area moment of inertia and the polar moment of ...Figure 3.15 Behaviour of viscoelastic materials. (a) Creep is an increase in...Figure 3.16 The mechanical behaviour of bone is strongly dependent on strain...Figure 3.17 An idealized S–N curve for cortical bone illustrates the relatio...Figure 3.18 Example of a rising R‐curve (K_R vs. crack length) for transverse...Figure 3.19 Schematic illustrations of some toughening mechanisms possible i...Figure 3.20 Salter–Harris physeal injury classification. Type I injuries are...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 T1W 3D dorsal plane standing MRI images of a front foot. (a) With...Figure 5.2 Medial to lateral radiograph of the cranial thorax made with the ...Figure 5.3 Parasagittal fracture of a right forelimb proximal phalanx. (a) D...Figure 5.4 Images of a right metacarpophalangeal joint. (a) Flexed dorsopalm...Figure 5.5 Ultrasonographic evaluation of an accessory carpal bone fracture....Figure 5.6 Abaxial fracture (arrows) of a left hind medial proximal sesamoid...Figure 5.7 Forelimb scintigram of a two‐year‐old Thoroughbred racehorse with...Figure 5.8 Adult warmblood showjumper that went acutely lame in its left hin...Figure 5.9 Scintigrams of the proximal forelimb of a two‐year‐old Thoroughbr...Figure 5.10 Four‐year‐old Thoroughbred racehorse with acute severe right hin...Figure 5.11 Evaluation and surgical planning of two‐third carpal bone fractu...Figure 5.12 Four‐year‐old Thoroughbred racehorse with acute onset right fore...Figure 5.13 Six‐year‐old eventer with acute onset moderate right forelimb la...Figure 5.14 T2* GRE dorsal plane sMRI image of a metatarsophalangeal joint. ...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The process of secondary bone healing is a coordinated cascade of...Figure 6.2 Relationship of inflammatory and osteogenic cells. Figure 6.3 Conservatively managed long oblique fracture of the radius (yello...Figure 6.4 The diamond concept for fracture repair demonstrating the key ele...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Dorsopalmar radiographs (a) at presentation with marked forelimb ...Figure 7.2 Racecourse use of screens to shield a stricken horse.Figure 7.3 (a and b) Soft tissue swelling and angular deviation associated w...Figure 7.4 Distension of the MCP joint and lateral haemorrhage associated wi...Figure 7.5 (a) Inguinal, thigh and crural swelling resulting from haemorrhag...Figure 7.6 Cervical fracture. (a) Head and neck held in extension with ventr...Figure 7.7 Digital pressure applied dorsoproximally frequently elicits a pai...Figure 7.8 Displaced dorsal plane fracture of the accessory carpal bone with...Figure 7.9 Non‐weight‐bearing lameness with rapidly developing swelling (hae...Figure 7.10 Shortened scapular length in the complete displaced/overriding f...Figure 7.11 Pelvic bones with sites of immediately adjacent arteries. Displa...Figure 7.12 Swelling (arrows) produced by haemorrhage into the gluteal muscl...Figure 7.13 (a) Displaced fracture of the right ilial wing resulting in a cr...Figure 7.14 Ultrasonographic evidence of haemorrhage (yellow arrows) adjacen...Figure 7.15 Distal forelimb Robert Jones bandage.Figure 7.16 Construction of a distal hindlimb modified Robert Jones bandage....Figure 7.17 Modular extendible splints.Figure 7.18 Construction of a splinted Robert Jones bandage for the distal h...Figure 7.19 Distal forelimb bandage cast.Figure 7.20 Newmarket Compression Boot. Readily applied, radiolucent and rig...Figure 7.21 (a) Dorsal, (b) proprietary flexion and (c) palmar/plantar board...Figure 7.22 Use of a flexion splint to reduce and immobilize mid‐body fractu...Figure 7.23 (a and b) Post‐mortem photographs of a horse with a complete fra...Figure 7.24 Adjustable aluminium splints applied over a modified Robert Jone...Figure 7.25 Splinting for radial fractures. Stacked lateral aluminium splint...Figure 7.26 A rope or slip passed around the pastern can be used to help the...Figure 7.27 Equine ambulances with central ride partitions. (a) Swing away t...Figure 7.28 Cross‐tying a horse with a pelvic fracture. A corner location, p...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The Trauma Recon large battery‐powered drill works very well in e...Figure 8.2 The DePuy Synthes large fragment set contains all the drill bits,...Figure 8.3 DePuy Synthes large fragment set. The 5.5 mm screw rack contains ...Figure 8.4 DePuy Synthes large fragment set: LCPs, locking instruments and L...Figure 8.5 The universal drill guide: (a) in the ‘neutral’ position (spring ...Figure 8.6 A 5.0 mm drill guide threaded into a combi hole of a 5.0/4.5 mm L...Figure 8.7 The 4 N m load reduction device attached to a star drive screwdri...Figure 8.8 The tension device is hooked in the last plate hole (a) and is at...Figure 8.9 Detail image of the push–pull device.Figure 8.10 Correct use of the bending press. (a) Plate contouring should be...Figure 8.11 The new pointed reduction forceps with built‐in ratchet device a...Figure 8.12 Lag technique demonstrated on a third metacarpal bone lateral co...Figure 8.13 A plate screw inserted through a DCP. Because the outside screw ...Figure 8.14 Cancellous lag screw technique. (a) A cancellous screw of correc...Figure 8.15 A 5.0 mm locking head screw with the threads around the screw he...Figure 8.16 Removal device for stripped 3.5 mm screw heads. An intact hexago...Figure 8.17 The broken screw removal set. The major components are arranged ...Figure 8.18 Shallow broken screws can be exposed with the gouge (a) and remo...Figure 8.19 Broken screw extraction bolt. Assembly of the hollow reamer with...Figure 8.20 A 10‐hole veterinary LCP. The plate has a rounded end containing...Figure 8.21 Polyurethane specimen of an equine radius with an oblique mid‐sh...Figure 8.22 Repair of a simple oblique fracture of the third metacarpal bone...Figure 8.23 Application of two LCPs to an oblique mid‐shaft third metacarpal...Figure 8.24 A six‐hole equine T‐plate with a stacked combi hole at the dista...Figure 8.25 Front view of a right‐sided human distal femoral LCP. Three smal...Figure 8.26 An eight‐hole UniLOCK plate that was cut to size, with 2.4 mm (t...Figure 8.27 The instrument and implant set for the DHS implant system. Top: ...Figure 8.28 Two DCS plates of different lengths.Figure 8.29 DCS application to a distal radius specimen.(a) The triple reame...Figure 8.30 Application of a DCS plate to the distal radius. (a) In this exa...Figure 8.31 A nondisplaced ulna fracture in a young foal repaired with an ei...Figure 8.32 The large fragment distractor set consists of, from top to botto...Figure 8.33 The equine aiming device. (a) The modular system has different d...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Pre‐operative plan for lag screw fixation of a simple sagittal fr...Figure 9.2 Planned repair of an oblique, displaced, distal diaphyseal fractu...Figure 9.3 CT evaluation of a complex fracture of the middle phalanx. Volume...Figure 9.4 Pre‐operative plan for repair of an olecranon fracture.Figure 9.5 With horses in lateral recumbency, traction equipment divides the...Figure 9.6 For complex procedures, e.g. when using axial traction, arthrosco...Figure 9.7 Open fractures. (a) Type I : a small wound of <1 cm can be identi...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Horse positioned against the recovery box wall for induction of ...Figure 10.2 Horse with a condylar fracture of the left third metacarpal bone...Figure 10.3 Horses positioned in lateral recumbency: (a) the dependent thora...Figure 10.4 Horse positioned in dorsal recumbency. (a) A small mattress has ...Figure 10.5 Horse physically restrained in early recovery from general anaes...Figure 10.6 Head and tail rope recovery systems technique that can be perfor...Figure 10.7 Deflating air pillow recovery system: (a) centrally positioned h...Figure 10.8 Horse with a cast on the right thoracic limb following spiral co...Figure 10.9 The Hydro‐Pool system. (a) Horse immersed with head supported an...Figure 10.10 Horse with a shoulder fracture recovering in the Pool‐Raft syst...Figure 10.11 Horse transported in a sling from a Pool‐Raft system to the rec...Figure 10.12 Horses recovered from GA showing neuropraxia of the left thorac...Figure 10.13 Horse with severe nasal oedema and upper airway obstruction rec...Figure 10.14 Supraglottic airway device for foals.

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) Intra‐operative photograph of a displaced humerus fracture. ...Figure 11.2 (a) Lateromedial radiograph and (b)–(d) multiplanar reconstructi...Figure 11.3 (a) Intra‐operative lateromedial radiograph after fixation of a ...Figure 11.4 (a) Intra‐operative radiographs during fixation of a moderately ...Figure 11.5 Post‐operative craniocaudal radiograph after fixation of a tibia...Figure 11.6 Post‐operative dorsopalmar radiograph after double plate fixatio...Figure 11.7 Post‐operative radiograph after fixation of a type IV ulnar frac...Figure 11.8 The extraction bolt is a conical, hollow instrument to remove sc...Figure 11.9 Implant removal when the hexagonal socket of the screw head has ...Figure 11.10 Post‐operative caudocranial radiograph after fixation of a tibi...

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Four examples of fracture types that are amenable to standing re...Figure 12.2 Set‐up for standing repair of a proximal phalangeal fracture. Tr...Figure 12.3 Placement of marker staples: (a) careful palpation of landmarks;...Figure 12.4 Limbs positioned and prepared for surgery.Figure 12.5 (a) Skin staples placed in preparation for lateral to medial rep...Figure 12.6 Accurate screw placement for repair of a short lateral condylar ...Figure 12.7 Illustration of the surgical procedure: (a) drilling a 4.5 mm gl...Figure 12.8 Short incomplete P1 fracture repair.

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Effects of immobilization on joints summarized.Figure 13.2 Materials required for application of a standard distal limb cas...Figure 13.3 Application of a distal forelimb cast. (a) Cast foam squares cut...Figure 13.4 Appropriate application of a distal limb cast should allow the h...Figure 13.5 Full limb forelimb cast applied to the level of the proximal ant...Figure 13.6 A forelimb sleeve cast, applied standing, from the proximal ante...Figure 13.7 Application of a distal hindlimb cast. (a) A limb support is pla...Figure 13.8 When correctly fitted, a horse should be able to walk over the c...Figure 13.9 Short tarsal sleeve casts. A supplementary distal limb bandage m...Figure 13.10 Options to limit limb disparity: (a) shoe left in situ; (b) Sof...Figure 13.11 Cast sores: (a) dorsal proximal metacarpus; (b) palmar aspect o...Figure 13.12 Cast‐induced laxity in foals: (a) distal hindlimb cast applied ...Figure 13.13 Cast removal: (a) oscillating cast saw; (b) marker pen delineat...Figure 13.14 Transfixation cast using three positive‐profile threaded pins i...Figure 13.15 IMEX large animal transfixation equipment: drill bit, tap and c...Figure 13.16 Dorsopalmar radiographs of a transfixation cast using 8 mm posi...Figure 13.17 Instruments for insertion of IMEX Duraface^® large animal t...Figure 13.18 Management of a comminuted proximal phalangeal fracture using a...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Implant failure due to cyclic loading. Lateromedial radiograph o...Figure 14.2 Partial implant failure. Lateromedial radiograph two weeks after...Figure 14.3 Clinical signs of surgical side infection three weeks after arth...Figure 14.4 Ultrasonographic image of the ulnar region two weeks after fract...Figure 14.5 Radiographic features of SSI and/or implant infection. (a) Inhom...Figure 14.6 A wide Esmarch tourniquet is placed proximal to the carpus for I...Figure 14.7 Construction of antimicrobial‐impregnated PMMA beads. (a) The PM...Figure 14.8 Supporting limb laminitis: moisture and depression of the dorsal...Figure 14.9 Radiographic assessment of a horse with laminitis based on image...Figure 14.10 A silicone frog and sole support shifts load from hoof wall to ...Figure 14.11 The Swing lifter reduces effective body weight during standing....

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Bipolar NMES electrodes placed over the middle gluteal muscles....Figure 15.2 PEMF boot application to the metacarpus.PEMF coils are contained...Figure 15.3 A horse standing on a vertical displacing whole‐body vibration p...Figure 15.4 Therapeutic laser applied over a gluteal muscle trigger point.Figure 15.5 A horse standing square on proprioceptivebalance pads.Figure 15.6 A proprioceptive resistive band fitted around the hindquarters....Figure 15.7 A tactile stimulator and pastern weight applied to a horse's for...Figure 15.8 Use of an in ground underwater treadmill.Figure 15.9 Baited ventral cervical flexion to the level of carpi, resulting...Figure 15.10 Baited lateral cervical bending to the level of the hock, resul...

15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Examples of the seven described types of distal phalangeal fract...Figure 16.2 Transverse plane CT images of four Type 2 fractures demonstratin...Figure 16.3 Type 2 fractures associated with exercise in racehorses have a f...Figure 16.4 Type 1 fracture associated with extensive mineralization of the ...Figure 16.5 Fracture of a mineralized collateral cartilage visible in slight...Figure 16.6 Marking the prepared hoof wall with radiodense adhesive nipple a...Figure 16.7 Use of multiplanar reconstruction tools to determine that marker...Figure 16.8 Once the markers are accurately positioned, a shallow (1–2 mm) d...Figure 16.9 Unlike plain radiography, CT provides accurate measurement of th...Figure 16.10 An aiming device is fitted with the pointed tip in the palmar/p...Figure 16.11 (a and b) Fluoroscopic image intensification used to ensure tha...Figure 16.12 Fluoroscopy used (a) to ensure that the (3.2 mm) thread hole is...Figure 16.13 An 8 mm cannulated countersinking tool placed over a 2 mm smoot...Figure 16.14 CT images obtained before (a and c) and on completion (b and d)...Figure 16.15 End of surgery foot care. (a) A pneumatic tourniquet minimizes ...Figure 16.16 DV oblique and horizontal oblique radiographs are taken at six ...Figure 16.17 Repair of a Type 3 fracture using intra‐operative fluoroscopy a...Figure 16.18 Variations of Type 4 fractures. Small fragments (a–c) are readi...Figure 16.19 Repair of an acute minimally displaced fracture of the extensor...Figure 16.20 Repair of a large acute displaced fracture of the extensor proc...

16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Dorsal 55° proximal‐palmarodistal oblique radiograph of a comple...Figure 17.2 Lateral radiographs of transverse plane fractures of hindlimb na...Figure 17.3 (a) Dorsal 55° proximal‐palmarodistal oblique radiograph of a fr...Figure 17.4 (a–f) Radiographs of all four feet of a horse with quadrilateral...Figure 17.5 Further radiographs of the complete, minimally displaced oblique...Figure 17.6 Transverse CT images of the horse depicted in Figure 17.3 which ...Figure 17.7 A portable eight‐slice CT scanner (CereTom TM, Neurologica) prov...Figure 17.8 Lateral radiograph with marker needles placed medially and later...Figure 17.9 Marker needs are placed in the pre‐determined locations in the h...Figure 17.10 3D multiplanar reconstructed CT images used to assess the locat...Figure 17.11 3D multiplanar reconstructed CT image at the site and in the pl...Figure 17.12 Aiming device attached to the hoof wall through windows in the ...Figure 17.13 Asepsis is maintained during intra‐operative CT by placing the ...Figure 17.14 Universal aiming device (IMEX) with a 3.5 mm drill guide in pla...Figure 17.15 Intra‐operative radiograph with depth gauge passed through the ...Figure 17.16 3D multiplanar reconstructed CT images obtained during surgery ...Figure 17.17 (a–c) 42 day post‐operative radiographs demonstrating an approp...

17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Lateromedial radiograph demonstrating severe palmar subluxation ...Figure 18.2 (a) Lateromedial radiograph revealing an axially located fragmen...Figure 18.3 Fragmentation of the proximal dorsal and palmar articular margin...Figure 18.4 Palmarolateral–dorsomedial oblique radiograph demonstrating a co...Figure 18.5 Lateromedial radiograph demonstrating a biaxial, plantar eminenc...Figure 18.6 (a) Dorsoplantar, (b) lateromedial, (c) DLPMO and (d) DMPLO radi...Figure 18.7 Pre‐operative CT examination of the horse in Figure 18.6. Transv...Figure 18.8 Dorsoplantar radiograph of a failed attempt at lag screw fixatio...Figure 18.9 Repair of a uniaxial fracture of a medial plantar eminence and c...Figure 18.10 (a) Photograph of the lame right forelimb of a 13‐year‐old Quar...Figure 18.11 Surgical approach for PIJ arthrodesis. (a) Inverted‐T skin inci...Figure 18.12 Intra‐operative photograph showing appropriate countersinking (...Figure 18.13 Intra‐operative fluoroscopic images confirming appropriate impl...Figure 18.14 (a) Palmarolateral–dorsomedial oblique radiograph of a complex ...Figure 18.15 (a) Photograph of a hindlimb following external coaptation with...Figure 18.16 Intra‐operative fluoroscopic image demonstrating reduction of a...Figure 18.17 Lateromedial radiograph taken 10 months after repair of a highl...Figure 18.18 Dorsopalmar (a) and lateromedial (b) radiographs demonstrating ...Figure 18.19 (a–c) Radiographs of an acute displaced fracture of the distal ...Figure 18.20 Comminuted fracture (arrows) of the dorsomedial distal articula...

18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Transverse CT images of various configurations of short incomple...Figure 19.2 Dorsopalmar radiograph of a complete parasagittal fracture of th...Figure 19.3 (a) Dorsopalmar and (b) dorsal 45° lateral–palmaromedial oblique...Figure 19.4 (a–c) Reconstructed 3D CT images of a moderately comminuted frac...Figure 19.5 (a–d) Reconstructed 3D CT images of a highly comminuted fracture...Figure 19.6 Lateromedial radiograph of a complete central dorsal fracture of...Figure 19.7 (a) Lateromedial and (b) dorsal 10° lateral–palmaromedial obliqu...Figure 19.8 (a) Lateromedial and (b) dorsal 45° medial–palmarolateral obliqu...Figure 19.9 (a) Lateromedial and (b) dorsal 45° lateral–palmaromedial obliqu...Figure 19.10 (a) Dorsoplantar radiograph of a long incomplete parasagittal f...Figure 19.11 Lateral (a) and dorsal (b) nuclear scintigraphic images of a do...Figure 19.12 A portable CT scanner enables the machine to be brought to the ...Figure 19.13 Repair of a short, dorsal incomplete parasagittal fracture. (a)...Figure 19.14 (a, b) Positioning of a horse in lateral recumbency for repair ...Figure 19.15 Dorsopalmar radiographs during repair of a long incomplete frac...Figure 19.16 An assistant lining up for the surgeon to ensure screws are pla...Figure 19.17 Pre‐operative (a) and post‐operative dorsopalmar (b) and latero...Figure 19.18 Intra‐operative (a) dorsopalmar and (b) dorsal 45° lateral–palm...Figure 19.19 Arthroscopic images of the central region of the dorsoproximal ...Figure 19.20 Intra‐operative dorsopalmar (a), lateromedial (b) and dorsal 45...Figure 19.21 (a) Pre‐operative lateromedial radiograph of a dorsal fracture ...Figure 19.22 Intra‐operative lateromedial radiograph following repair of the...Figure 19.23 Intra‐operative dorsal 45° medial–palmarolateral oblique radiog...

19 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 (a) Left forelimb PSBs viewed proximally demonstrating concave d...Figure 20.2 Proximodistal divisions of the PSB for categorization of fractur...Figure 20.3 (a) Apical PSB fracture in a yearling found on survey radiograph...Figure 20.4 (a) Proximally elongated PSB: the result of a healed foal apical...Figure 20.5 Distal elongation of a PSB subsequent to a healed juvenile basil...Figure 20.6 DM‐PaLO radiograph illustrating an acute apical fracture of a fo...Figure 20.7 (a) DM‐PaLO radiograph of a chronic medial apical PSB fracture. ...Figure 20.8 (a) An articular abaxial PSB fracture (arrows). (b) Transverse (...Figure 20.9 (a) DM‐PaLO radiograph of an abaxial fracture within the proxima...Figure 20.10 (a) DPa and (b) DM‐PaLO radiographs of a non‐articular abaxial ...Figure 20.11 Repair of a large acute abaxial/mid‐body fracture of a forelimb...Figure 20.12 DM‐PaLO radiographs of a minimally displaced proximal mid‐body ...Figure 20.13 Appropriate screw locations and trajectories (black arrows) for...Figure 20.14 Arthroscopically guided repair of a medial forelimb mid‐body fr...Figure 20.15 Repair of a medial forelimb distal mid‐body fracture. (a, b) Ra...Figure 20.16 DPa radiograph of a healed proximal mid‐body fracture repaired ...Figure 20.17 DM‐PaLO radiograph of a distal mid‐body fracture repaired with ...Figure 20.18 Axial basilar fracture (arrow) causing lameness in a racehorse:...Figure 20.19 DPa radiograph of a displaced basilar fracture that is also spl...Figure 20.20 Non‐articular basilar fragments found on yearling survey radiog...Figure 20.21 DPa radiographs of an abaxial sagittal fracture of a medial PSB...Figure 20.22 DP and LM radiographs of unsupported comminuted biaxial mid‐bod...Figure 20.23 DPa and LM radiographs of a MCP joint following biaxial mid‐bod...Figure 20.24 Technique for MCP joint arthrodesis. (a) Surgical approach. (b)...Figure 20.25 Arthrodesis for biaxial PSB fractures in a three‐year‐old Thoro...

20 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Fractures of Mc3/Mt3 condyles imaged by transverse (a) and recon...Figure 21.2 Fracture of the medial palmar subchondral bone and adjacent dens...Figure 21.3 Transverse MRI (a) and CT (b) images of a plantar fracture of th...Figure 21.4 Short bicortical fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3. (a) DP ...Figure 21.5 Long incomplete fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3 imaged on...Figure 21.6 Complete radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the lateral ...Figure 21.7 A radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the lateral condyle...Figure 21.8 Proximally comminuted displaced fracture of the lateral condyle ...Figure 21.9 DPl radiograph and transverse CT images taken at the depicted le...Figure 21.10 Transverse CT image of a displaced fracture of Mc3 demonstratin...Figure 21.11 Spiral fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3 (arrows) propagat...Figure 21.12 Pre‐operative (a) and post‐operative (d) transverse CT images a...Figure 21.13 DP radiographs of repair of an incomplete fracture of the later...Figure 21.14 Intra‐operative DP radiographs in repair of a short bicortical ...Figure 21.15 DP radiographs of an incomplete fracture of the lateral condyle...Figure 21.16 DP radiographs of an incomplete fracture of the lateral condyle...Figure 21.17 A complete radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the later...Figure 21.18 Complete radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the lateral...Figure 21.19 Palmar comminution in a complete non‐displaced fracture of the ...Figure 21.20 (a) DP radiograph and (b) dorsal arthroscopic image of a displa...Figure 21.21 Reduction of proximal and rotational displacement usually requi...Figure 21.22 Arthroscopically guided reduction of a displaced fracture of th...Figure 21.23 Repair of a displaced fracture of the lateral condyle of Mt3. (...Figure 21.24 Displaced fracture of the lateral condyle of Mt3 with dorsal an...Figure 21.25 Sagittally propagating fracture of the medial condyle of Mc3. (...Figure 21.26 Spiral propagation of a fracture of the medial condyle of Mc3. ...Figure 21.27 Intra‐operative dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views of percutaneou...Figure 21.28 Spiral fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3. (a) DP radiograp...Figure 21.29 MIPPO dorsolateral plate insertion from a distal portal. (a) Us...Figure 21.30 Proximal to distal MIPPO in a Mc3. Six‐plate screws have been i...Figure 21.31 Repair of a spiral fracture of the medial condyle of Mt3 with t...

21 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Common configuration of complete fractures of Mc3/Mt3 in adult h...Figure 22.2 Common Mc3/Mt3 fractures in foals. (I) Salter–Harris type II. (I...Figure 22.3 (a) Incomplete stress fracture in the dorsolateral Mc3 cortex wi...Figure 22.4 Acute, incomplete longitudinal spiralling fracture of the Mc3 cr...Figure 22.5 An acute, incomplete, longitudinal fracture of Mc3 (arrows) (a) ...Figure 22.6 Nine‐year old shows jumper with an avulsion fracture of the prox...Figure 22.7 Lateromedial (a) and oblique (b) radiographs of a Thoroughbred r...Figure 22.8 Lateromedial radiographs of a transverse fracture of the distal ...Figure 22.9 Comminuted fracture of the Mc3 in a 200 kg pony. (a) Dorsopalmar...Figure 22.10 Dorsopalmar radiographs of a long, oblique Mc3 fracture in a 50...Figure 22.11 Dorsolateral approach to an Mt3 fracture in a foal. Splitting t...Figure 22.12 Open, displaced transverse diaphyseal fracture of Mt3 in a foal...Figure 22.13 Intra‐operative photograph and radiograph of a transverse mid‐d...Figure 22.14 (a, b) Oblique fracture in the proximal diaphysis of Mc3 in a t...Figure 22.15 Minimally invasive repair of an oblique mid‐diaphyseal fracture...Figure 22.16 Removal of a laterally placed LCP in a standing sedated Iceland...Figure 22.17 Dorsoplantar radiographs of an open, oblique fracture of the mi...Figure 22.18 Implant removal in a foal with a chronic infected Mt3 fracture ...

22 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 (a) Distal, (b) mid‐body and (c) proximal fractures of the small...Figure 23.2 En bloc excision of infected bone in a horse with a fracture of ...Figure 23.3 Surgical treatment of the fracture depicted in Figure 2. (a) An ...Figure 23.4 Radiographs of a displaced Mt4 fracture in a foal. (a) At presen...Figure 23.5 Comminuted, proximal Mc4 fracture. (a) DLPMO radiograph at prese...Figure 23.6 Repair of a proximal Mt4 fracture. (a) LM radiograph revealing a...Figure 23.7 Repair of a proximal Mc2 fracture. (a) DMPLO radiograph revealin...Figure 23.8 Removal of a distal fracture of Mc4. (a) DLPMO radiograph of the...

23 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Radiographic appearance (a) and arthroscopic appearance before (...Figure 24.2 (a) Arthroscopic view of distal radial carpal bone fragmentation...Figure 24.3 Diagram illustrating the arthroscopic approach to remove a fragm...Figure 24.4 Osteochondral fragment from the proximal intermediate carpal bon...Figure 24.5 Arthroscopic views of a displaced fragment of distal lateral rad...Figure 24.6 Arthroscopic views of a chronic distal lateral radius fragment. ...Figure 24.7 (a) Pre‐operative radiograph showing severe osteophyte formation...Figure 24.8 Arthroscopic views of the four grades of damage after removal of...Figure 24.9 Repair of a chip fracture of the dorsal distal radial carpal bon...Figure 24.10 Avulsion fragment from the radial carpal bone (RC) associated w...Figure 24.11 (a) Dorsomedial–palmarolateral oblique radiograph demonstrating...Figure 24.12 Radiographs of a displaced frontal plane slab fracture of the r...Figure 24.13 Diagram (a) and external view (b) demonstrating arthroscope pos...Figure 24.14 Repair of a frontal plane slab fracture of the radial facet of ...Figure 24.15 Repair of a displaced slab fracture of the radial facet of the ...Figure 24.16 Repair of a displaced frontal plane slab fracture of the interm...Figure 24.17 Frontal plane slab fracture of radial and intermediate facets o...Figure 24.18 Radiographs (a–e) of a collapsing frontal plane slab fracture i...Figure 24.19 Lag screw fixation of a collapsing frontal slab fracture involv...Figure 24.20 Multiple collapsing fractures of the distal row of carpal bones...Figure 24.21 Use of a sleeve cast for post‐operative management of partial a...Figure 24.22 Slab fractures of radial and third carpal bones. Comminution pr...Figure 24.23 Skyline radiograph (a) and arthroscopic view (b) of slightly di...Figure 24.24 Fragmentation from the proximal articular surface of the access...Figure 24.25 Comminuted frontal plane fracture of the accessory carpal bone....

24 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 A three‐day event horse that suffered a kick wound two weeks pri...Figure 25.2 Pre‐operative (a, b) and post‐operative (c, d) radiographs of a ...Figure 25.3 TB foal in dorsal recumbency prior to repairing a distal diaphys...Figure 25.4 Intra‐operative photograph of a medial approach to the radius of...Figure 25.5 Post‐operative radiograph of a diaphyseal radial fracture in a 4...Figure 25.6 Post‐operative radiograph of a 550 kg Warmblood gelding with a d...Figure 25.7 Non‐surgical management of a Salter–Harris type II fracture in a...Figure 25.8 Post‐operative radiographs of an 18‐month‐old Quarter Horse geld...Figure 25.9 Pre‐operative (a) and post‐operative (b, c) radiographs of a 400...Figure 25.10 Pre‐operative (a) and post‐operative (b) radiographs of a two‐y...

25 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Anatomical specimen viewed from cranial (a), caudal (b), lateral...Figure 26.2 Comminuted and widely displaced fracture of the olecranon tubero...Figure 26.3 Apophyseal fractures. (a) Salter–Harris type I avulsion with pro...Figure 26.4 Variations in simple humero‐ulnar articular fractures in foals (...Figure 26.5 Variations in comminuted fractures involving the humero‐ulnar (a...Figure 26.6 Variations in simple fractures involving the radio‐ulnar articul...Figure 26.7 A simple transverse proximal fracture of the olecranon in a skel...Figure 26.8 ‘Dropped elbow’ posture adopted by a Thoroughbred yearling with ...Figure 26.9 (a) Mediolateral and (b) craniocaudal radiographs of an oblique ...Figure 26.10 Radiographic development of the ulnar apophysis in the first 18...Figure 26.11 Fracture of the anconeal process (arrows) in a comminuted Salte...Figure 26.12 Horse positioned in lateral recumbency in preparation for repai...Figure 26.13 Surgical approach to the left ulna demonstrated on a cadaver li...Figure 26.14 A gauze stent bandage sewn over the wound and secured with vert...Figure 26.15 Repair of the Salter–Harris type I fracture seen in Figure 26.3...Figure 26.16 Repair of a Salter–Harris type II fracture with a 4.5 mm narrow...Figure 26.17 Repair of the fracture seen in Figure 26.9. (a) Pre‐operative p...Figure 26.18 Repair of a simple humero‐ulnar articular fracture accompanied ...Figure 26.19 Repair of the simple humero‐ulnar articular fracture seen in Fi...Figure 26.20 Simple humero‐ulnar articular fracture in a foal. (a–c) Distrac...Figure 26.21 Fracture at the level of the radio‐ulnar articulation in a foal...Figure 26.22 (a) Simple oblique fracture at the level of the radio‐ulnar art...Figure 26.23 Repair of a simple displaced fracture at the level of the radio...Figure 26.24 Repair of the comminuted articular fracture seen in Figure 26.5...Figure 26.25 Mediolateral radiographs of a comminuted fracture. (a) There is...

26 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 (a) Caudolateral–craniomedial oblique radiograph revealing marke...Figure 27.2 (a) Caudolateral–craniomedial oblique radiograph of the left pro...Figure 27.3 Fragmentation of the caudal eminence of the greater tubercle. Di...Figure 27.4 Post‐operative medial to lateral radiograph of the case illustra...Figure 27.5 Repair of a fractured greater tubercle in a standing sedated hor...Figure 27.6 Craniomedial–caudolateral radiograph demonstrating osseous traum...Figure 27.7 (a) Scintigraphic images from investigation of acute left foreli...Figure 27.8 (a) Scintigraphic images investigating acute left forelimb lamen...Figure 27.9 Craniocaudal radiograph of a minimally displaced Salter–Harris t...Figure 27.10 Craniocaudal radiograph of a chronic Salter–Harris type III dis...Figure 27.11 A six‐month‐old Quarter Horse colt with a left humeral diaphyse...Figure 27.12 Left humeral diaphyseal fracture in a three‐month‐old Appaloosa...Figure 27.13 (a) Position of the limb and image detector for medial to later...Figure 27.14 (a) Position of image detector and photograph taken from tube p...Figure 27.15 Craniocaudal radiograph of an articular, highly comminuted, dis...Figure 27.16 Mediolateral radiograph of a seven‐month Quarter Horse gelding ...Figure 27.17 Clinical appearance of the animal in Figure 27.16. Marked varus...Figure 27.18 Post‐operative mediolateral (a) and CauPrL‐CrDiM oblique (b) ra...Figure 27.19 Immediate post‐operative mediolateral radiograph of a diaphysea...

27 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 (a) Nuclear scintigraphic images of a three‐year‐old Thoroughbre...Figure 28.2 Mediolateral radiograph of a 13‐year‐old Warmblood gelding with ...Figure 28.3 Mediolateral radiographs of a two‐year‐old Warmblood filly. (a) ...Figure 28.4 (a) Mediolateral radiograph of yearling Standardbred colt with a...Figure 28.5 (a) Mediolateral and (b) cranial 45° medial–caudolateral oblique...

28 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Large comminuted fracture of the medial malleolus of the tibia r...Figure 29.2 A non‐articular fracture of the medial malleolus of the tibia in...Figure 29.3 Fracture of the lateral malleolus of the tibia in a four‐year‐ol...Figure 29.4 A six‐year‐old gelding with acute lameness at the end of a jump ...Figure 29.5 Fracture of the plantar distal intermediate ridge of the tibia i...Figure 29.6 Parasagittal fracture of the talus in a seven‐year‐old flat race...Figure 29.7 The horse illustrated in Figure 29.6 was managed conservatively ...Figure 29.8 A 12‐week‐old Thoroughbred foal was found in the paddock with ac...Figure 29.9 Fragmentation of the plantaromedial trochlear ridge of the talus...Figure 29.10 Four‐year‐old flat racehorse that fell while leaving a swimming...Figure 29.11 (a) LM and (b) DM‐PLO radiographs of an eight‐year‐old sports h...Figure 29.12 Fragmentation of the proximal medial eminence of the talus in a...Figure 29.13 DL‐PLO radiograph of a nine‐year‐old warmblood gelding that sus...Figure 29.14 (a) DM‐PLO radiograph of a yearling Thoroughbred filly found la...Figure 29.15 Infected fragmentation of the calcaneal apophysis in a seven‐mo...Figure 29.16 Transverse schematic illustrating areas of the sustentaculum ta...Figure 29.17 Images of a Thoroughbred yearling filly that presented with a d...Figure 29.18 An oblique fracture of the calcaneus in a three‐year‐old Thorou...Figure 29.19 A two‐year‐old Thoroughbred filly in flat race training with ac...Figure 29.20 A two‐year‐old Thoroughbred with acute onset lameness after rac...Figure 29.21 Oblique slab fracture of the central tarsal bone in a three‐yea...Figure 29.22 Comminuted slab fracture of the central tarsal bone in a two‐ye...Figure 29.23 Acute lameness with no localizing signs in a two‐year‐old Thoro...Figure 29.24 DM‐PLO radiographs demonstrating consistent dorsolateral locati...Figure 29.25 Transverse CT images demonstrating relatively consistent locati...Figure 29.26 Repair of a slab fracture of the third tarsal bone in a three‐y...Figure 29.27 Fracture of the dorsoproximal third metatarsal bone in a two‐ye...Figure 29.28 Complex fracture of the talus following a fall in a Thoroughbre...

29 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Caudocranial radiographs of three proximal Salter–Harris type II...Figure 30.2 Radiographs of distal physeal fractures. (a, b) Salter–Harris ty...Figure 30.3 Examples of four oblique diaphyseal fractures in foals that are ...Figure 30.4 Three severely comminuted diaphyseal fractures in adult horses. ...Figure 30.5 Fractures of the tibial tuberosity have a variety of configurati...Figure 30.6 Stress fracture of the caudal distal medial cortex identified by...Figure 30.7 Caudal diaphyseal stress fracture localized by nuclear scintigra...Figure 30.8 Stress fracture of the proximolateral tibia in a three‐year‐old ...Figure 30.9 Multiple fracture lines identified in the proximal diaphysis and...Figure 30.10 Caudocranial and flexed lateromedial radiographs illustrating f...Figure 30.11 Multiplanar reconstructed slices from a standing CT scan of a d...Figure 30.12 Caudocranial radiographs of a minimally displaced proximal Salt...Figure 30.13 Minimally invasive repair of a proximal Salter–Harris type II f...Figure 30.14 (a) Moderately displaced proximal Salter–Harris type II fractur...Figure 30.15 Medial side‐by‐side DCPs used to enhance construct strength in ...Figure 30.16 Less invasive plate removal of a T‐plate. (a, b) The transverse...Figure 30.17 Repair of a complex distal physeal and epiphyseal fracture. (a,...Figure 30.18 Removal of a small displaced fragment from the tibial tuberosit...Figure 30.19 Radiographs illustrating repair of a minimally displaced fractu...Figure 30.20 Radiographs illustrating lag screw and tension band wire repair...Figure 30.21 Repair of a mid‐diaphyseal spiral oblique fracture in a foal. (...Figure 30.22 Repair of an oblique mid‐diaphyseal fracture in a foal. (a–d) I...Figure 30.23 Repair of a diaphyseal fracture in a four‐year‐old Standardbred...Figure 30.24 Arthroscopic removal of the fractured medial tibial eminence il...Figure 30.25 Radiographs of a comminuted fracture of the medial tibial emine...

30 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Lateral (a) and articular (b) profiles of the patella.Figure 31.2 Fracture of the distal medial pole of the patella in a Thoroughb...Figure 31.3 Parasagittal fracture of the medial pole of the patella in a thr...Figure 31.4 Long‐standing comminuted fracture (arrows) of the medial pole of...Figure 31.5 Complex patella injury in a two‐year‐old Thoroughbred that inclu...Figure 31.6 Fragmentation of the proximal lateral margin of the patella in a...Figure 31.7 Fragmentation of the proximal articular margin of the patella in...Figure 31.8 Displaced fracture of the medial pole of the patella that follow...Figure 31.9 Radiographs of a five‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare with a displace...Figure 31.10 Comminuted fracture in a warmblood foal. (a–c) Radiographs at p...

31 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Photograph of a weanling age foal with a left hind capital femor...Figure 32.2 (a) Photograph demonstrating the placement of the X‐ray generato...Figure 32.3 Capital femoral physeal fracture in a weanling age foal. (a) Ven...Figure 32.4 Lateromedial radiograph following capital femoral physeal fractu...Figure 32.5 A foal with a right diaphyseal fracture, (a) anesthetized and po...Figure 32.6 Lateromedial radiograph of a highly comminuted, displaced and ov...Figure 32.7 (a) Lateromedial radiograph in a weanling age foal demonstrating...Figure 32.8 Post‐operative lateromedial radiographic of a mid‐diaphyseal fra...Figure 32.9 Post‐operative lateromedial (a) and caudocranial (b) radiographs...Figure 32.10 Post‐operative lateromedial (a) and caudocranial (b) radiograph...Figure 32.11 Photograph of a horse managed conservatively for a distal femor...Figure 32.12 (a) Lateromedial radiograph of a displaced SH type II distal fe...

32 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Tuber coxa fracture and resulting pressure necrosis of overlying...Figure 33.2 Haematoma on the caudal thigh (arrows) secondary to an iliac sha...Figure 33.3 Side view demonstrating depression over the left tuber ischium s...Figure 33.4 Transcutaneous ultrasonographic image of an iliac wing with disc...Figure 33.5 Transcutaneous ultrasonographic images of an iliac wings showing...Figure 33.6 Longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) transcutaneous ultrasonograp...Figure 33.7 Transcutaneous ultrasonographic images of normal (left) and frac...Figure 33.8 Caudodorsal oblique (a) and right lateral caudodorsal oblique (b...Figure 33.9 Dorsal scintigraphic views of the cranial pelvis in three exampl...Figure 33.10 Removal of a protruding osseous ‘spike’ from a tuber coxa fract...

33 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Dorsal view of the atlantoaxial and adjacent joints (after remov...Figure 34.2 Fracture of the odontoid process (axial dens) in a foal. Note th...Figure 34.3 Laterolateral radiograph after fixation of atlantoaxial luxation...Figure 34.4 Anatomic specimen demonstrating dorsal laminectomy of the atlas....Figure 34.5 Complete ventral luxation of the axis with severe displacement. ...Figure 34.6 CT three‐dimensional reconstruction of a comminuted fracture of ...Figure 34.7 Lateral topographic anatomy of the fourth cervical vertebrae.Figure 34.8 Oblique displaced fracture of the caudal body of C4 demonstratin...Figure 34.9 Fracture of the base of the cranial articular process and dorsal...Figure 34.10 Long‐standing fracture of the vertebral arch of C5 with ventral...Figure 34.11 Severe osteoarthritis with proliferation of the articular facet...Figure 34.12 (a) Custom‐made V‐shaped block used to stabilize the neck in a ...Figure 34.13 Instruments for efficient exposure of the ventral aspect of the...Figure 34.14 Lateral radiographs of a horizontal displaced fracture of the c...Figure 34.15 Application of a seven‐hole broad LCP. The long‐threaded drill ...Figure 34.16 (a) Laterolateral radiograph of a frontal comminuted displaced ...Figure 34.17 Ventral cervical fusion to stabilize subluxation and dysjunctio...Figure 34.18 Ventral cervical fusion in an 18‐month‐old trotter colt with C3...Figure 34.19 Anatomic specimen demonstrating dorsal laminectomy. Cranial is ...Figure 34.20 Varying degrees of displacement associated with fracture of six...Figure 34.21 Dorsal and oblique lateral scintigraphic studies of a Thoroughb...Figure 34.22 Lateral diagrammatic anatomy of the adult sacrum. Source: Adapt...Figure 34.23 Five‐year‐old thoroughbred filly with a complex sacral fracture...

34 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Ultrasonic image of a fractured fifth right rib. (a) Longitudina...Figure 35.2 Delayed phase lateral scintigraphic views of a fractured right 1...Figure 35.3 (a) Cranial and (b) lateral delayed phase scintigraphic images o...Figure 35.4 Using towel clamp to elevate a fractured rib in preparation for ...Figure 35.5 Skin incisions following repair of six rib fractures through two...Figure 35.6 Teat cannula inserted and suction applied to dorsal caudal pleur...Figure 35.7 Nylon zip tie tightened to reduce and stabilize fracture.Figure 35.8 Drill bit placed in the fracture line and drilling abaxially to ...Figure 35.9 (a) Modified technique showing the suture passing axial to the f...

35 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Illustration of the bones of the skull: (a) lateral view and (b)...Figure 36.2 Local anaesthesia in the head region: 1, infraorbital nerve bloc...Figure 36.3 Complex compression fracture of the parietal bone of a mature ho...Figure 36.4 Foal with a fractured petrous portion of the left temporal bone....Figure 36.5 Frontal plane CT image of a fractured sphenoid bone (arrows) in ...Figure 36.6 Pony with a kick injury to the forehead. (a) Clinical appearance...Figure 36.7 Head trauma involving the left frontal and nasal bones with expo...Figure 36.8 Fracture of the left frontal and nasal bones with multiple fragm...Figure 36.9 Illustration of bent pin reduction and fixation of a collapsed f...Figure 36.10 Application of a special traction device to reduce fractures of...Figure 36.11 (a) Illustration of the FlapFix System. (b) Fixation of a fract...Figure 36.12 (a) Radiographic view of a complex fracture of the facial skull...Figure 36.13 (a) Fractures of the incisive bone and maxilla after a kick inj...Figure 36.14 Fracture of the nasal bone. (a) Radiographic evaluation. (b) Th...Figure 36.15 Horse with a kick injury to the eye. (a) Clinical appearance. (...Figure 36.16 Illustration of nerves close to the orbit: 1, facial nerve; 2, ...Figure 36.17 Reduction of an orbital rim fracture with a Langenbeck hook.Figure 36.18 Illustrations of (a) a common collapsed fracture configuration ...Figure 36.19 Clinical application of the technique illustrated in Figure 36....Figure 36.20 Interdental continuous wire‐loop splint as described by Obweges...Figure 36.21 Illustrations of fixation of a fracture involving lateral and c...Figure 36.22 Illustrations of caudal wire anchors. (a) Using a screw. (b) Dr...Figure 36.23 Fixation of a mandibular fracture using orthopaedic cable. (a) ...Figure 36.24 Illustrations showing the options for plate location for an obl...Figure 36.25 Intraoral splints. (a) Placement and dental cerclage fixation o...Figure 36.26 Illustrations of type II external fixators to stabilize mandibu...Figure 36.27 Fracture of the pars incisiva of the mandible. (a) Clinical app...Figure 36.28 Fracture of the mandibular symphysis. (a) Illustration of fixat...Figure 36.29 (a) Illustration of a bilateral unstable fracture of the mandib...Figure 36.30 (a) Lateral radiograph of bilateral fracture of the pars incisi...Figure 36.31 Radiographs illustrating repair of bilateral fractures (black a...Figure 36.32 Comminuted fracture of the mandible. (a) Lateral radiograph sho...Figure 36.33 (a, c) Illustrations of fractures of the vertical ramus of the ...Figure 36.34 Comminuted fracture of the vertical ramus of the mandible in a ...Figure 36.35 Fracture (arrow) of the coronoid process: (a) three‐dimensional...

36 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Salter–Harris fractures. (a) Type I fracture of a distal radius ...Figure 37.2 Two‐month‐old Arabian foal with a SH type IV fracture of the med...Figure 37.3 Fracture of the lateral palmar process of a distal phalanx in a ...Figure 37.4 Lateral and dorsoplantar radiographs of a four‐month‐old Thoroug...Figure 37.5 Transverse, comminuted fracture of a hindlimb proximal phalanx i...Figure 37.6 (a, b) Pre‐operative radiographs of a two‐month‐old TB with a co...Figure 37.7 Composite DP, LM, DLPMO and DMPLO radiographs of a seven‐week‐ol...Figure 37.8 Composite of DP, LM, DLPMO and DMPLO radiographs of a three‐week...Figure 37.9 DP, LM, DL‐PMO and DM‐PLO radiographs of a six‐week‐old Thorough...Figure 37.10 Displaced basilar fracture of the left forelimb medial proximal...Figure 37.11 A comminuted biaxial fracture of forelimb proximal sesamoid bon...Figure 37.12 (a) Radiographs demonstrating comminuted displaced fractures of...Figure 37.13 Radiographs of the right (a) and left (b) metacarpophalangeal j...Figure 37.14 (a) DP and (b) DL‐PMO radiographs of a Thoroughbred yearling de...Figure 37.15 Radiographs of a SH type II fracture of the distal metatarsal p...Figure 37.16 (a) Radiograph of a two‐month‐old TB filly with a closed transv...Figure 37.17 Tarsal cuboidal hypoplasia in a three‐week‐old Thoroughbred foa...Figure 37.18 (a) Ten weeks post‐operative radiograph following repair of a c...Figure 37.19 Transverse fracture of the distal radial diaphysis in a 150 kg ...Figure 37.20 (a) A two‐month‐old TB foal with a type I (apophyseal avulsion)...Figure 37.21 (a) A three‐month TB Foal with comminuted displaced articular f...Figure 37.22 (a) Radiographs of a comminuted displaced fracture of the calca...Figure 37.23 (a) Radiographs of a 30‐day‐old TB filly with a displaced SH ty...