Оглавление
Группа авторов. Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment
Preface. Background
Objectives
Philosophy and Goal
1. Biomass as Emerging Renewable: Challenges and Opportunities
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Bioenergy Chemical Characterization
1.2.1 Cellulose [C6(H2O)5]n
1.2.2 Hemicellulose [C5(H2O)4]n
1.2.3 Lignin [C10H12O3]n
1.2.4 Starch
1.2.5 Other Minor Components of Organic Matter
1.2.6 Inorganic Matter
1.3 Technologies Available for Conversion of Bioenergy
1.4 Progress in Scientific Study
1.4.1 Combustion Technology
1.4.2 Hybrid Systems
1.4.3 Circular Bio-Economy
1.4.4 Other Notable Developments
1.5 Status of Biomass Utilization in India
1.6 Major Issues in Biomass Energy Projects. 1.6.1 Large Task Costs
1.6.2 Lower Proficiency of Advancements
1.6.3 Immature Innovations
1.6.4 Lack of Subsidizing Alternatives
1.6.5 Non-Transparent Exchange Markets
1.6.6 High Dangers/Low Compensations
1.6.7 Resource Value Acceleration
1.7 Challenges in Commercialization
1.7.1 Financial Dangers
1.7.2 Technological Dangers
1.7.3 Principal Specialist Hazard
1.7.4 Market Acknowledgement Chances
1.7.5 Environmental Dangers
1.7.6 COVID-19: The Impact on Bioenergy
1.8 Concluding Remarks
References
2. Assessment of Renewable Energy Technologies Based on Sustainability Indicators for Indian Scenario
Abstract
Nomenclature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 RE Scenario in India
2.2.1 Large Hydropower
2.2.2 Small Hydropower
2.2.3 Onshore Wind Power
2.2.4 Solar Power
2.2.5 Bioenergy
2.3 Impact of COVID-19 on RE Sector in India
2.4 Sustainability Assessment of RE Technologies
2.4.1 RE Technologies Selection
2.4.2 Sustainability Indicators Selection and Their Weightage
2.4.3 Methodology. 2.4.3.1 The TOPSIS Method
2.4.3.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS
2.5 Ranking of RE Technologies. 2.5.1 The TOPSIS
2.5.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS
2.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulations–Based Probabilistic Ranking
2.6 Results and Discussion
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. A Review of Biomass Impact and Energy Conversion
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Non-Renewable Energy Resources: Crisis and Demand
3.3 Environmental Impacts and Control by Biomass Conversion
3.3.1 Biomass and Its Various Sources for Energy Conversion
3.3.1.1 Sugar and Starch-Based Biomass (First-Generation - 1G)
3.3.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (Second-Generation - 2G)
3.3.1.3 Micro and Macroalgal Biomass (Third-Generation - 3G)
3.3.1.4 Genetically Engineered Biomass (Fourth-Generation)
3.3.1.5 Waste Biomass Resources
3.3.1.5.1 Agricultural and Forest Residues
3.3.1.5.2 Industrial Waste
3.3.1.5.3 Municipal Solid Waste
3.3.1.5.4 Food Waste
3.3.1.5.5 Sewage Waste
3.3.2 Biomass Conversion Process
3.3.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion
3.3.2.1.1 Torrefaction and Carbonization
3.3.2.1.2 Pyrolysis
3.3.2.1.3 Gasification
3.3.2.1.4 Combustion
3.3.2.2 Biological Conversion
3.3.2.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
3.3.2.3 Advanced Technology for Biomass Conversion
3.3.2.3.1 Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC)
3.3.2.3.2 Co-firing
3.3.2.3.3 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
3.3.2.3.4 Transesterification
3.3.2.3.5 Cellulosic Biomass Conversion
3.3.2.3.5.1 Pre-treatment and Saccharification
3.3.2.3.5.2 Fermentation
3.3.3 Biofuel as Renewable Energy for the Future. 3.3.3.1 Solid Fuel
3.3.3.2 Gaseous Fuel
3.3.3.3 Liquid Biofuel
3.4 Future Trends
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4. Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems
Abstract
4.1 Introduction: Need of Renewable Energy System
4.1.1 Financial Aspects
4.1.2 Environmental Aspects
4.1.3 Economic Feasibility
4.1.4 Present Scenario of Renewable Energy Sources
4.2 Power Electronics Technologies
4.2.1 AC-DC Converters
4.2.2 DC-AC Converters
4.2.3 DC-DC Converters
4.2.4 AC-AC Converter
4.3 Energy Conversion Controller Design Using Power Electronics
4.4 Carbon Emission Reduction Using Power Electronics
4.4.1 Renewable Power Generation
4.5 Efficient Transmission of Power
4.6 Issues and Challenges of Power Electronics
4.7 Energy Storage Utilized by Power Electronics for Power System
4.8 Application of Power Electronics. 4.8.1 VSC-Based HVDC
4.8.2 Power Electronics in Electric Drives
4.8.3 Power Electronics in Electric Vehicles
4.8.4 Power Electronics in More Electric Effect (MEE) 4.8.4.1 More Electric Aircraft
4.8.4.2 More Electric Ships
4.8.5 Advanced Applications of Power Converters in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)
4.9 Case Study on PV Farm and Wind Farm Using Converter Modelling. 4.9.1 A 400KW 4 PV Farm
4.9.2 Wind Generation Using DFIG
4.10 Reliability of Renewable Energy System
4.10.1 Reliability of Photovolatic-Based Power System
4.10.2 Reliability of Wind-Turbine-Based Power System
4.10.3 Reliability of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy System
4.11 Conclusion
References
5. Thermal Performance Studies of an Artificially Roughened Corrugated Aluminium Alloy (AlMn1Cu) Plate Solar Air Heater (SAH) at a Moderate Air Flow Rate
Abstract
Nomenclature
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology. 5.2.1 Experimental Setup
5.2.2 Mathematical Modelling
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
6. An Overview of Partial Shading on PV Systems
Abstract
Nomenclature
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basics of Partial Shading
6.2.1 Types & Occurrence of Partial Shading
6.2.2 Problem Associated with Partial Shading
6.2.3 Details About Partial Shading Mitigation Techniques. 6.2.3.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques
6.2.3.2 PV System Architecture
6.2.3.3 Converter Topologies
6.3 Mitigation of Partial Shading Using Array Reconfiguration Techniques
6.3.1 Conventional
6.3.2 Hybrid
6.3.3 Reconfigured/Modified Configurations
6.3.4 Puzzle-Based Configuration
6.3.5 Metaheuristic-Based PV Array Configurations
6.4 Case Study on Different Techniques of Array Reconfiguration According to its Classification – (2015-2020) 6.5 Future Directions
6.6 Discussion & Conclusion
References
7. Optical Modeling Techniques for Bifacial PV
Abstract
Nomenclature
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background. 7.2.1 Bifacial Cells and Modules
7.2.2 Cell Technologies
7.2.3 Geometric Parameters and Metrics
7.2.3.1 Bifaciality Factor
7.2.3.2 Bifacial Gain (BG)
7.3 Bifacial PV System and Modelling. 7.3.1 Need for Optical Modeling of Bifacial PV
7.3.2 Bifacial PV Modeling Challenges
7.3.3 Bifacial Irradiance Models
7.3.3.1 Ray-Tracing Model
7.3.3.2 Empirical Models
7.3.3.3 View Factor Model
7.3.4 Optical Modelling of Bifacial PV
7.3.4.1 Frontside Irradiance
7.3.4.2 Rear-Side Irradiance
7.3.5 Comparison of Different Models/Software
7.4 Effect of Installation and Weather Parameters on Energy Yield. 7.4.1 Effect of Installation Parameters
7.4.2 Effect of Albedo
7.4.3 Effect of Tilt Angle
7.4.4 Effect of Elevation
7.4.5 Effect of Weather Parameters
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Intervention of Microorganisms for the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Extract the Fermentable Sugars for Biofuel Production
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.2.1 Types of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.2.1.1 Virgin Biomass
8.2.1.2 Agricultural and Energy Crops
8.2.1.3 Waste Biomass
8.3 Role of Pretreatment in Biofuel Generations
8.3.1 Non-Biological Pretreatment
8.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
8.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
8.3.1.3 Physico-Chemical (Hybrid) Pretreatment
8.4 Biological Pretreatment and its Significance
8.4.1 Role of Fungi in Pretreatment. 8.4.1.1 Biological Mechanisms of Delignification in Fungi
8.4.2 Role of Prokaryotic Pretreatment
8.4.2.1 Bacterial Enzymes Involved in Lignin De-Polymerization
8.4.2.2 Types of Bacteria and their Role in Delignification
8.5 Combined Biological Pretreatment Case Studies and Opportunities
8.6 Future Prospects. 8.6.1 Role of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
8.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Conflicts of Interest
References
9. Biomass and Bioenergy: Resources, Conversion and Application
Abstract
9.1 Introduction to Biomass
9.2 Classification of Biomass Resources
9.3 Biomass to Bioenergy Conversion
9.4 Environmental Impacts of Biomass & Bioenergy
9.5 Solutions to the Environmental Impacts
9.6 Case Study of US – Conversion of MSW to Energy
9.7 Bioenergy Products
9.8 Effects of Covid-19 on Bioenergy Sector
References
10. Renewable Energy Development in Africa: Lessons and Policy Recommendations from South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Existing Knowledge and Contributions to Literature
10.3 Renewable Energy Development in South Africa. 10.3.1 Policies and Strategies
10.3.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development
10.4 Renewable Energy Development in Egypt
10.4.1 Policies and Strategies
10.4.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development
10.5 Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria
10.5.1 Policies and Strategies
10.5.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development
10.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications
10.6.1 Policy Implications from South Africa and Egypt
10.6.2 Barriers to Renewable Energy Development in Africa: The Case of Nigeria
10.7 Conclusion
References
11. Sustainable Development of Pine Biocarbon Derived Thermally Stable and Electrically Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite Films
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Biomass Resources
11.1.2 Biomass Utilization
11.1.2.1 Production of BC from Biomass
11.1.2.2 Production of CF
11.1.3 Applications of BC. 11.1.3.1 BC as CI
11.1.3.2 BC for ESDs
11.1.3.3 BC as Filler for Polymer Composites
11.1.3.4 BC-Derived Sustainable OP
11.2 Experimental Procedures. 11.2.1 Starting Materials
11.2.2 Development of Pine Cone–Derived BC and Nano Pine–Derived BC
11.2.3 Development of OP
11.2.4 Development of ECF
11.3 Characterization
11.4 Results and Discussion. 11.4.1 Spectra of ECF
11.4.2 Microstructure of ECF
11.4.3 Thermal Stability of ECF
11.5 Electrical Behaviour of ECF
11.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgement
References
12. Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Power Electronics on Energy Systems and its Impact
12.3 The Power Electronics Contribution and its Challenges in the Current Energy Scenario
12.4 Recent Growth in Power Semiconductor Technology
12.5 A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy Systems: AC-Link Universal Power Converters
12.6 Power Converters for Wind Turbines and Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter
12.7 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter Based PV Systems
12.8 AC-DC-AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems
12.9 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications
12.10 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies
12.11 Boost Pre-Regulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers
12.12 Active Power Filter
12.13 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention
12.14 Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters
12.15 Impedance Source Inverters
12.16 Conclusion
References
13. Fuel Cells for Alternative and Sustainable Energy Systems
Abstract
13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems. 13.1.1 Brief History
13.2 Overview of Fuel Technology
13.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Working
13.2.2 Classification of Fuel Cells
13.2.3 Fuel Cell Performance
13.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Density
13.3 Energy Storage Applications of Fuel Cells
13.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cell System
13.5 Latest Developments in Fuel Cell Technology
13.5.1 Electrode Design – as a Function of Catalyst
13.5.2 Efficient Structure Design: Fuel Cell Mass Transportation
13.5.3 Design of Flow Patterns
13.5.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells
13.6 Future Perspective of Fuel Cell
13.6.1 Research and Technological Factors
13.6.2 Perspective View
13.6.3 Environmental Crisis
13.6.4 Fuel EVs Infrastructure
13.6.5 Renewables: A Window of Opportunity for Fuel Cells
13.6.6 Energy Storage: A Big, Challenging Issue
13.6.7 Future Predictions: On Fuel Cell Systems
13.6.8 Hydrogen Economy
13.7 Case Studies. 13.7.1 Case Study-1
13.7.2 Case Study-2
13.7.3 Case Study-3
13.8 Summary
References
14. Fuel Cell Utilization for Energy Storage
Abstract
14.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells
14.2 Fuel Cell Mechanism
14.3 Efficiency of Fuel Cell
14.3.1 Efficiency Calculations
14.3.2 Co-Generation of Heat and Power
14.4 Types of Fuel Cells
14.4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
14.4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
14.4.3 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
14.4.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
14.4.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
14.5 Hydrogen Production
14.5.1 Steam Methane Reforming or SMR (Natural Gas Reforming)
14.5.2 Coal Gasification Process
14.5.3 Biomass Gasification
14.5.4 Biomass Derived Fuel Reforming
14.5.5 Thermochemical Water Splitting
14.5.6 Electrolytic Process
14.5.7 Direct Solar Water Splitting Process
14.5.8 Biological Processes
14.5.9 Microbial Biomass Conversion
14.5.10 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs)
14.6 Fuel Cells Applications and Advancements
14.6.1 Applications
14.6.2 Advancements
14.6.3 Applications and Advancements of Fuel Cells in Automobile Sector
14.6 Conclusions
References
15. Miniature Hydel Energy Harvesting Unit to Power Auto Faucet and Lighting Systems for Domestic Applications
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review
15.3 Data Collection and Theoretical Hydraulic Power Calculations
15.4 Architecture and Working of Prototypes
15.5 Design and Simulation
15.6 Fabrication of Prototypes
15.6.1 Fabrication of Prototype-1
15.6.2 Fabrication of Prototype-2
15.6.3 Fabrication of Prototype-3
15.7 Experimentation of Prototypes
15.8 Experimentation for Auto Faucet System
15.9 Conclusions
References
16. Modeling, Performance Analysis, Impact Study and Operational Paradigms of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Solar Energy
16.2.1 Forms of Energy Resources
16.2.2 Solar Spectrum
16.2.3 Sun Tracking and Location
16.2.4 Solar Energy Fundamentals
16.2.5 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (SPP)
16.3 Modeling of PV Modules
16.3.1 Simulation Model
16.3.2 Simulation Results
16.4 Design of 12 MWp SPP
16.4.1 Selection of Site
16.4.2 Equipment Sizing
16.4.3 Cost Estimates
16.4.4 Shadow Analysis
16.4.5 Power Output Estimates
16.5 Field Equipment Details
16.6 Performance Analysis
16.6.1 Performance Indicators
16.6.2 Field Data and Analysis
16.6.3 Intangible Benefits Realised in Past Three Years
16.7 Technical Issues and New Paradigms
16.7.1 Technical Issues
16.7.2 Paradigm Shift
16.8 Opportunities and Future Scope
16.8.1 Opportunities
16.8.2 Latest Trends
16.8.3 Future Scope
16.9 Conclusions
References
17. A Review on Control Technologies and Islanding Issues in Microgrids
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Importance of Microgrid
17.3 Microgrid Types
17.4 Problems in Islanded Mode of Operation
17.5 Features of Microgrid Control System
17.6 Microgrid Islanding
17.7 Control Techniques
17.7.1 Primary Level
17.7.2 Secondary Level
17.7.2.1 Centralized Control Strategy
17.7.2.2 Decentralized Control Strategy
17.7.3 Tertiary Level
17.8 Autonomous Control Architecture
17.9 Optimization of Control in Microgrids
17.9.1 Linear Programming
17.9.2 Non-Linear Programming
17.10 Inverter Control in Microgrids
17.10.1 PQ Control
17.10.2 Voltage Source Inverter Control
17.10.2.1 Power Control Mode (PCM)
17.10.2.2 Voltage Control Mode (VCM)
17.11 Droop Control
17.11.1 V/f Control
17.12 Modern Prospects of Microgrid Research. 17.12.1 Multi Microgrid Control
17.12.2 Energy Storage Management
17.12.3 Management of Loads
17.12.4 Hybrid Energy Mangement System
17.12.5 Implementation of Soft Switches
17.12.6 Protection and Stability Analysis
17.12.7 Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques
17.12.7.1 Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO)
17.12.7.2 Hybrid GWO and P&O Algorithm (Hyb.)
17.12.7.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)
17.12.7.4 Communication Technologies
17.13 Conclusion
References
18. A Review of Microgrid Protection Schemes Resilient to Weather Intermittency and DER Faults
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Islanding Detection
18.2.1 Central Islanding Detection
18.2.2 Local Islanding Detection
18.2.3 Feature Extraction-Based Islanding Detection
18.2.4 Machine Learning-Based Islanding Detection
18.3 Protection Challenges Due to Weather Intermittency
18.3.1 Solar Irradiance Intermittency
18.3.2 Wind Speed Intermittency
18.3.3 Solar-Wind Combined Intermittency
18.4 Protection Challenges Due to Converter Faults
18.5 Protection Challenges Due to PV Array Faults
18.5.1 LG Fault
18.5.2 LL Fault
18.5.3 Arc Fault
18.5.4 Faults Due to Partial Shading
18.6 Conclusion
References
19. Theories of Finance for Generation Portfolio Optimization
Abstract
Acronyms
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Introduction to Portfolio Optimization
19.3 Using Fuzzy Logic to Create Risk and Reward Index
19.4 Markovitz Mean-Variance Theory
19.5 Black-Litterman Model
19.6 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
19.7 Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR)
19.8 Results and Discussion
19.9 Conclusion
References
20. Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Wind Energy Systems
Abstract
20.1 PMSG-Based WECS
20.1.1 Configurations of WECS
20.1.2 General Control Requirements of WECS
20.1.3 Insights from Literature Review
20.1.4 Objectives and Scope of the Present Research Work
20.1.5 Contributions of the Chapter
20.2 System Modelling
20.2.1 Wind Turbine Modelling
20.2.2 PMSG Modelling
20.2.3 Drive-Train Shaft Modelling
20.2.4 DC-Link Modelling
20.2.5 GSC Filter Design
20.2.6 Grid Modelling
20.2.7 Dynamic Operating Conditions
20.2.7.1 Grid Disturbances
20.2.7.2 Converter Non-Linearities
20.2.8 SRF-PLL Modelling
20.3 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation Based on Stator SRF-PLL
20.3.1 PMSG Angular Speed Reference Signal Computation
20.3.2 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation
20.3.3 Vector Control
20.3.4 Analytical Validations
20.3.4.1 Starting Characteristics
20.3.4.2 Wind Velocity Variation
20.3.4.3 Converter Non-Linearities
20.3.4.4 Utility Harmonics
20.3.4.5 Sensitivity Study
20.3.5 Summary
20.4 Active Power and Current Reference Generation Scheme
20.4.1 System Modeling
20.4.1.1 MSC Controller Design
20.4.1.2 GSC and Controller Design
20.4.2 MSC Reference Power Generation Scheme
20.4.3 GSC Current Oscillation Component Computation
20.4.4 Analytical Validation
20.4.4.1 Symmetrical Voltage Sag
20.4.4.2 Distorted Utility
20.4.5 Summary
20.5 Torsional Oscillation Damping
20.5.1 Dynamic Effects under MPPT and PLMs
20.5.1.1 Fast DC Link Voltage Control
20.5.1.2 Slow DC-Link Voltage Control
20.5.2 Proposed Active Damping Scheme for Torsional Mode Operation
20.5.3 Proposed Control for GSC Control
20.5.3.1 DPC Scheme
20.5.3.2 Power Oscillation Term Computation
20.5.4 Simulation Validation
20.5.4.1 Turbulent and Gust Wind Speed
20.5.4.2 Unsymmetrical Voltage Sag
20.5.5 Summary
20.6 Conclusions
Appendices and Nomenclature
References
21. Study of Radiant Cooling System with Parallel Desiccant Based Dedicated Outdoor Air System with Solar Regeneration
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Dedicated Outdoor Air System
21.3 Desiccant
21.4 Radiant Cooling System with DOAS
21.5 Methodology
21.6 Building Description
21.7 System and Model Description
21.8 Result and Discussion
21.9 Primary Energy Consumption and Coefficient of Performance (COP) Analysis
21.10 Solar Energy Performance
21.11 Conclusions
References
Index
Also of Interest
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