Оглавление
Группа авторов. Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies
List of Contributors
Preface
About the Editors
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
1 Agriculture and Nutritional Security in India
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Growth of Agriculture in India
1.2.1 Role of Agriculture in Nutrition
1.3 Dynamics of Under Nutrition in India
1.3.1 Trends Over Time
1.3.2 Association with SocioEconomic Indicators
1.4 Institutional Interventions to Cope Up with Malnutrition
1.5 Policy Implication
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Diversification for Restoration of Ecosystems and Sustainable Livelihood
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Need for Agricultural Diversification for Sustained Livelihood
2.3 Crop Diversification and Ecosystem Services
2.4 Reducing Emission of Greenhouse Gases
2.5 Effect of Technology‐Induced Crop Diversification
2.6 Congenial Conditions for Crop Diversification
2.7 Crop Diversification and Composition
2.7.1 Diversification with Oilseed Crops
2.7.2 Diversification with Pulse‐Based Cropping Systems in Different Agroclimatic Zones
2.7.3 Diversification with Horticultural Crops
2.8 Constraints in Crop Diversification
2.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
3 Impact of Total Mixed Ration on Performance of Heifers and Homemade Concentrate Feeding on Milk Yield in Dairy Animals
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods. 3.2.1 Effect of TMR on Milk Yield and Nutrients Digestibility in Crossbred Cows
3.2.2 Effect of Homemade Balanced Concentrate Feed on Milk Yield and Nutrients Intake in Crossbred Cows
3.3 Results and Discussion. 3.3.1 Effect of TMR on Milk Yield and Nutrients Digestibility in Crossbred Cows
3.3.2 Effect of Homemade Balanced Concentrate Feed on Milk Yield and Nutrients Intake in Crossbred Cows
3.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
4 Multifaceted Impact of Lockdown During COVID‐19 on Food Security and Smallholder Agricultural Systems
CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Predictive Model for Deflation of COVID‐19 Spread in India
4.3 Impact on the National Economy
4.4 Government of India and Local Government Initiatives
4.5 The Economic Challenges of Local Farmers
4.6 Impact on the Economy of Indian Farmers
4.6.1 Lack of Agricultural Labor Holds Up Harvesting
4.6.2 Is Price Crash in the Post‐Lockdown Phase a Reality?
4.6.3 Steps Taken by the Government to Announce Packages, Do They Support?
4.7 ICAR Initiatives
4.8 Impact on State Agriculture
4.9 Conclusion
References
5 Crop Diversification : An Approach for Productive and Climate‐Resilient Production System
CONTENTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What Is Diversification?
5.3 Concept of Crop Diversification
5.4 Key Drivers of Crop Diversification
5.5 Urgent Need
5.6 Scope of Crop Diversification
5.6.1 Land/Soil
5.6.2 Climate
5.7 Key Elements for Diversification
5.8 Plant Breeding Supports for Crop Diversification
5.9 Advantages of Agricultural Diversification
5.9.1 Soil Health
5.9.2 Pest Suppression
5.9.3 Disease Suppression
5.9.4 Yield Sustainability
5.9.5 Food Security
5.9.6 Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation
5.10 Constraints in Crop Diversification
5.11 Research and Development Support for Crop Diversification
5.12 Institutional and Infrastructure Development Toward Crop Diversification
5.13 Strategies for Boosting Agricultural Production for Food Security. 5.13.1 Farmers Are Benefitted Through Green Revolution
5.13.1.1 Efficient Use of Water
5.13.1.2 Balanced Nutrition to Crops
5.13.1.3 Crop Shifting
5.13.2 Management of Rainfed/Dryland Areas
5.13.3 Tri‐Dimensional Approach for Food Security
5.13.4 Sectors for Achieving Food Security. 5.13.4.1 Animal Husbandry Development
5.13.4.2 Promote to Agri‐Horti‐Forestry and Sustainable Development
5.13.4.3 Capacity Building
5.14 Conclusion
References
6 Impacts of Climate Variability on Food Security Dimensions in Indonesia: Reference from the Nusa Tenggara Timur Province
CONTENTS
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Climate Variability and Food Security
6.1.2 Food Insecurity in NTT
6.1.3 Climate Variability and Food Security in NTT
6.2 Method. 6.2.1 Study Area
6.2.2 Data Collection and Description of Variables
6.2.3 Analytical Framework and Methods
6.2.3.1 Generalized Additive Method
6.2.3.2 Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE)
6.2.3.3 Generalized Method of Moments
6.3 Results. 6.3.1 Annual Trend of Climate Variability
6.3.2 Extreme Events and Their Impacts on Livelihood and Food Insecurity in NTT
6.3.3 Impacts of Climate Variability on Food Security Dimensions
6.3.3.1 Generalized Additive Method
6.3.3.2 Random Effects and Fixed Effects Models
6.3.3.3 Generalized Method of Moments
6.4 Discussion
6.4.1 Food Accessibility
6.4.2 Food Utilization
6.4.3 Food Availability
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Author Contribution
References
7 Knowledge‐Intensive Livestock Resource Management in a Changing Environment
CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources GHGs from Livestock Sector. 7.2.1 Different Livestock Activities
7.2.2 Different Livestock Species
7.2.3 Livestock Feeds
7.2.4 Enteric Fermentation
7.2.5 Livestock Manure
7.2.6 Livestock Products
7.3 Effect of Climate Change on Livestock Production System
7.3.1 Nutritional Stress
7.3.2 Water Stress
7.3.3 Heat Stress
7.3.4 Productive Stress
7.3.5 Reproductive Stress
7.3.6 Livestock Diseases
7.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies to Combat Climate Change Effects on Livestock
7.4.1 Livestock Production System Approaches
7.4.2 Species and Breed Selection
7.4.3 Livestock Production Management Technologies
7.4.4 Grazing and/or Fodder Land Management and Carbon Sequestration
7.4.5 Shelter Management
7.4.6 Enteric Methane Mitigation
7.4.7 Precision Livestock Farming
7.4.8 Livestock Reproduction Management
7.4.9 Livestock Disease Surveillance and Health Management
7.4.10 Manure Management
7.5 Awareness and Capacity Development of the Stakeholders
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Aquaculture Resources and Practices in a Changing Environment
CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Aquaculture Resources and Production
8.3 Aquaculture–Environmental Interaction and Conservation
8.4 Climate Change and Aquaculture
8.5 COVID‐19 and Aquaculture
8.6 Adaptive Measures
8.6.1 Horizontal Expansion: Use of Untapped Resources
8.6.1.1 Aquaculture Potential in Abundant Open Cast Coal Mines
8.6.1.2 Potential of Aquaculture in Undrainable Village Pond
8.6.1.3 Potential of Aquaculture in Inland Saline Water
8.6.2 Vertical Expansion: Species and Culture Diversification
8.7 Application of Modern Technologies. 8.7.1 Cluster Aquaculture
8.7.2 Flow Through Aquaculture
8.7.3 Recirculatory Aquaculture System (RAS)
8.7.4 Aquaponics
8.7.5 Biofloc Technology (BFT)
8.7.6 Integrated Multi‐Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)
8.8 Strategies
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 An Approach to Understand Conservation Agriculture
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition
9.3 Principles of Conservation Agriculture
9.3.1 Minimum Tillage and Soil Disturbance
9.3.2 Permanent Soil Covers with Crop Residues and Live Mulches
9.3.3 Crop Rotation and Intercropping
9.4 History of Conservation Agriculture
9.5 How Conservation Agriculture Is Beneficial?
9.5.1 Agronomic Advantages
9.5.2 Economic Advantages
9.5.3 Environmental Advantages
9.6 Global Scenario of Conservation Agriculture. 9.6.1 World
9.6.2 India
9.7 Conventional vs Conservation Agriculture
9.8 Different Types of Conservation Agriculture Practices
9.8.1 Zero Tillage/No Tillage
9.8.2 Minimum Tillage
9.8.3 Surface Seeding
9.8.4 Precision Farming
9.8.5 Bed Planting
9.8.5.1 Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed
9.8.6 Direct‐Seeded Rice
9.9 Impact of Conservational Agriculture on Crop Production
9.10 Future Prospect of Conservation Agriculture in India
9.11 Challenges and Constraints in Conservation Agriculture
9.12 Conclusion and Policy Implications
References
10 Quality of Irrigation Water for Sustainable Agriculture Development in India
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Global Water Resources and Their Scarcity
10.3 Water Resources in India
10.3.1 Surface Water
10.3.2 Rainfall Water
10.3.3 Groundwater
10.4 Status of Groundwater Quality of India
10.5 Impact of Poor‐Quality Irrigation Water
10.5.1 Salinity
10.5.2 Infiltration Rate
10.5.3 Specific Ion Toxicity
10.5.4 Miscellaneous Ion Toxicity
10.6 Irrigation Water Quality Parameters
10.6.1 Salinity Hazards
10.6.2 Sodium Hazard
10.6.3 Carbonate and Bicarbonate
10.6.4 Specific Ions Toxicity
10.6.4.1 Magnesium Hazard
10.6.4.2 Boron Hazard
10.6.4.3 Chlorine Hazard
10.7 Irrigation Water Quality of Indian Groundwater
10.8 Sustainable Irrigation Water Management Options in Agriculture
10.8.1 Leaching Requirement
10.8.2 Proper Drainage
10.8.3 Growing of Salt Tolerance Crops
10.8.4 Blending of Poor‐Quality Irrigation Water
10.8.5 Other Cultural Practices
10.9 Government and Public Awareness to Sustainable Water Use in Agriculture
10.9.1 Government Initiatives on Micro‐Irrigation
10.10 Conclusion
References
11 Agricultural Water Footprint and Precision Management
CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Water Footprints of India and World
11.3 Analysis of Water Footprint in Agriculture
11.4 Water Footprints of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
11.5 Precision Management of Water Resources
11.5.1 Adoption of Sensor‐Based Micro‐Irrigation System
11.5.2 Adoption of Micro‐Irrigation System
11.5.3 Modified Crop Establishment Techniques
11.5.3.1 Direct‐Seeded Rice
11.5.3.2 Scheduling Irrigation
11.5.3.3 Use of Polymers
11.5.3.4 Methods of Minimizing Evaporation from Soil
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Drip Fertigation for Enhancing Crop Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Nutrient, and Water Use Efficiency
CONTENTS
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Drip Fertigation Has a Number of Advantages
12.2 Effect of Drip Fertigation on Crop Productivity
12.3 Effect of Drip Fertigation on Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
12.4 Effect of Drip Fertigation on Nutrient Uptake
12.5 Effect of Drip Fertigation on Nutrient Use Efficiency
12.6 Effect of Drip Fertigation on Soil Nutrient Dynamics
12.7 Constraints in Adoption of Drip Irrigation
12.8 Conclusion
References
13 Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies
CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Alternate Land Use System
13.3 Modern Sustainable Technology. 13.3.1 Precision Farming
13.3.2 Drones
13.4 Input and Process‐Based Sustainable Technologies. 13.4.1 Low Carbon Landscape
13.4.2 Conservation Agriculture
13.4.3 Organic Agriculture
13.4.4 Integrated Nutrient Management
13.4.5 Regenerative Agriculture
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 Geoinformatics, Artificial Intelligence, Sensor Technology, Big Data: Emerging Modern Tools for Sustainable Agriculture
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Agriculture: Problems Worldwide and in India
14.3 GIS‐Remote Sensing and Big Data in Smart Agriculture
14.4 Big Data and Agriculture
14.4.1 Digital Tools for Soil, Crop, Weeds Mapping
14.4.2 Weather Prediction Tools
14.4.3 Recommendation of Fertilizers for Agriculture Practices
14.4.4 Pest Management and Disease Detection
14.4.5 Digital Tools for Analysis of Climate Change
14.4.6 Digital Automated Irrigation System
14.5 GIS‐Remote Sensing in Agriculture
14.6 Techniques and Tools Used in Big Data Analysis
14.6.1 Machine Learning (ML)
14.6.1.1 Livestock Management
14.6.1.2 Water Management
14.6.1.3 Soil Management
14.6.2 Cloud Platforms
14.6.3 Vegetation Indices
14.7 Role of Big Data in Agriculture Production Ecosystem: For Smart Farming
14.8 Future Prospects
14.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15 Investigation of the Relationship Between NDVI Index, Soil Moisture, and Precipitation Data Using Satellite Images
CONTENTS
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology. 15.2.1 Study Area
15.2.2 Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and NDVI Data
15.2.3 Introducing the Google Earth Engine System
15.2.4 Dataset. 15.2.4.1 Landsat‐8 Sensor
15.2.4.2 SMAP Sensor
15.2.4.3 TRMM Sensor
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Artificial Machine Learning–Based Classification of Land Cover and Crop Types Using Sentinel‐2A Imagery
CONTENTS
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Random Forest Classifier
16.2 Methodology
16.2.1 Data Preprocessing
16.2.2 Random Forest Model
16.3 Accuracy Assessment
16.4 Results and Discussion. 16.4.1 Data Processing
16.4.2 Random Forest Machine Learning
16.4.3 Assessment of Land Cover Accuracy and Its Consistency
16.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17 Geoinformatics and Nanotechnological Approaches for Coping Up Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Crop Plants
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction
17.2 “3‐T” Concept for Crop Management
17.3 Geoinformatics
17.4 Role of Geoinformatics in Abiotic and Biotic Stress
17.4.1 Geoinformatics Tools for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management. 17.4.1.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)
17.4.1.2 Remote Sensing (RS)
17.4.1.3 Geographical Information System (GIS)
17.5 Nanoparticles
17.6 Role of NPs in Abiotic and Biotic Stress
17.6.1 NPs in Abiotic Stresses
17.6.1.1 Drought Stress
17.6.1.2 Salinity Stress
17.6.1.3 Metal Stress
17.6.1.4 Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Stress
17.6.2 NPs in Biotic Stress
17.6.2.1 Nanoinsecticides
17.6.2.2 Nanofungicides
17.6.2.3 Nanoherbicide
17.6.3 NPs and Crop Improvement: Nanoparticle‐Mediated Transformation
17.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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