Читать книгу Plastic and Microplastic in the Environment - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 (a) Micrograph of a microbead found in Lantau Island, Hong Kong...Figure 1.2 (a) Degradation and fragmentation of plastic under environmental ...Figure 1.3 SEM of typical fibers: (a) polyester‐cotton blend; (b) polyester;...Figure 1.4 Possible exposure pathways of MPs into freshwater environments.Figure 1.5 Techniques reported in the literature for identifying MPs in sedi...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Showing the pathways of plastic fluxes across the various hydrolo...Figure 2.2 Ecological effects of plastics ().Figure 2.3 Composition of microplastics found in freshwater samples

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Flow diagram of the fate of plastic entering the environment.Figure 3.2 Plastic web cycle: Plastic starting its journey from human and re...Figure 3.3 Associated chemical toxicants entering marine organisms have pote...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Various pathways for the entry of microplastics in the ecosystem....Figure 4.2 A Schematic representation of microplastic translocation from sea...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The various stages and their details of soil analysis methodology...Figure 5.2 The entry route of MPs via food chains, and their effects.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Major sources of atmospheric microplastics in indoor and outdoor ...Figure 6.2 Pathways of microplastics exposure and toxicity to humans.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Overall scholarly output of the southern and eastern Mediterranea...Figure 7.2 Yearly scholarly output of the southern and eastern Mediterranean...Figure 7.3 Chart showing relation between field weight citation impact, inte...Figure 7.4 Subject areas, scholarly output, and their field weight citation ...Figure 7.5 Chart showing relation between the counts of sub‐categories and m...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Step‐by‐step process to search and select reviewed articles.Figure 8.2 Type of studied marine environments for microplastics topic.Figure 8.3 Countries to which microplastics studies belong.Figure 8.4 Samplers used in the study of microplastics in seawater.Figure 8.5 Types of used containers for storage of samples.Figure 8.6 Sampling periodicity among reviewed studies.Figure 8.7 Sampling seasonality.Figure 8.8 Sediment samplers used in reviewed article.Figure 8.9 Depths of sampling in deep‐sea sediments, which are those sampled...Figure 8.10 Depths of sampling in the seafloor or seabed sediments, which ar...Figure 8.11 Histogram of the number of beaches sampled per study (n = 42).Figure 8.12 Objectives of the study of MPs on beaches (n = 24).Figure 8.13 Histogram of the length of transect per study (n = 12).Figure 8.14 Histogram of the periodicity of studies (n = 42).Figure 8.15 Distribution of sampling areas on beaches (n = 33).Figure 8.16 Histogram of the number of samples (n = 31).Figure 8.17 Distribution of (a) sampler material (n = 14), (b), sampler shap...Figure 8.18 Histogram of the depth at which the samples are taken (n = 37)....Figure 8.19 Distribution of storage materials (n = 26).Figure 8.20 Groups of sampled organisms in the articles reviewed.Figure 8.21 Storing containers used during organism sampling.Figure 8.22 Organism section analyzed in the articles reviewed. (Note: GIT =...Figure 8.23 General procedure for sample processing in Laboratory to extract...Figure 8.24 Percent of articles that include each step in the treatment of t...Figure 8.25 Distribution of the solutions used in density tests.Figure 8.26 Percent of articles that include each step in the treatment of t...Figure 8.27 Percent of articles that include each step in the treatment of t...Figure 8.28 Digestion solutions applied in the studies reviewed.Figure 8.29 Filter material chosen in the studies reviewed.Figure 8.30 MP identification technique.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The general classification of plastics.Figure 9.2 Global production of plastic from 1950 to 2015.Figure 9.3 Distribution chart of global plastic production (Nkwachukwu et al...Figure 9.4 Plastic production pattern in India.Figure 9.5 Plastics spectrum (PVC: polyvinyl chloride; PU: polyurethane; PS:...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A simplified schematic representation of Plastics & Plastic Prod...Figure 10.2 An approach toward research and development of biodegradable pla...Figure 10.3 Differences between the bio‐based and biodegradable polymers.Figure 10.4 Classification of biodegradable polymers based on their natural ...Figure 10.5 Chemical structures of chitin and chitosan.Figure 10.6 A schematic representation of roadmap to biodegradable plastics....Figure 10.7 Classification of biodegradable processes (DeWilde, 2013) (PBAT:...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 For the recycling of SPW and their related items, various proces...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Types of plastic polymers based on their reluctance toward the f...Figure 12.2 Plastic and plastic‐derived products make their way into the env...Figure 12.3 There are several factors affecting polymer degradation: (a) sur...Figure 12.4 Steps involved in the biodegradation process: (a) colonization –...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Environmental impact categories in the life cycle of plastics (U...Figure 13.2 The typical classifications of plastics (CPCB 2018).Figure 13.3 The typical advantages of plastics (CPCB 2018).Figure 13.4 The typical disadvantages of plastics (CPCB 2018).Figure 13.5 Various operations involved in plastic recycling (Zhang and Kang...Figure 13.6 Steps involved in resource and environmental profile analysis (H...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Primary plastic production.Figure 14.2 Global plastic and single use plastic (SUP) production growth tr...