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Other factors that affect the helping relationship and the understanding and use of theory are counselor cultural competence, cultural humility, and social justice imperatives. The Multicultural and Social Justice Cultural Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts et al., 2015) improved on the previously crafted Multicultural Counseling Competencies (Sue et al., 1992) and provided a foreground for this work within the counseling field, particularly with regard to counselor identity and the helping relationship (Ratts et al., 2016). The MSJCC outline the important role of counselor self-awareness in providing culturally competent counseling (Davis et al., 2018). Awareness of one’s own cultural diversity and how this directly impacts the therapeutic relationship is one aspect of this multicultural model that is often highlighted in research. Additionally, and perhaps fundamental to this process, is also counselor self-awareness of social location and cultural beliefs. Social location is the manifestation of the complex fabric of cultural identity, roles, lived experiences, internal and external forces, and so forth. Counselors account for the nuances of lived experience that a person has that cannot be replicated or fit a prototype. An awareness of diversity addresses the counselor’s or therapist’s openness and motivation to understand more about their own cultures and cultural intersectionalities as well as the cultural intersectionalities that clients bring to the helping relationship (Brinkman & Donohue, 2020). In addition to self-awareness, the MSJCC require evaluation of knowledge and skill regarding cultural competencies, which encourages counselors to engage in a continuous practice of self-assessment (Ratts et al., 2016).

The continuum of cultural competency remains central to the discussion of diversity and inclusion within counseling theory and practice. The American Counseling Association (ACA) has reinforced cultural competence by including, among others, the following competencies needed for counseling diverse groups on its website (www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/competencies):

 ACA Advocacy Competencies (March 2003)

 ALGBTIC Competencies for Counseling LGBQIQA (June 2012)

 ALGBTIC Competencies for Counseling Transgender Clients (September 2009)

 Competencies for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling (May 2009)

 Competencies for Counseling the Multiracial Population (March 2015)

 Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (July 2015)

 Multicultural Career Counseling Competencies (August 2009)