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1 1 Mills, The Sociological Imagination, Oxford 1959, p. ii.

2 2 For the history of sociology, see Tom Bottomore and Robert Nisbet, eds., A History of Sociological Analysis (New York: Basic Books, 1978); and Craig Calhoun, ed.: Sociology in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

3 3 Habermas, A Berlin Republic, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, p. 8.

4 4 See in particular, Theory of Communicative Action (2 vols.) Boston: Beacon, 1980, 1984, excerpted in Contemporary Sociological Theory.

5 5 Neofunctionalism and After, Blackwell 1988.

6 6 Seymour Martin Lipset edited and introduced new edition of Martineau’s Society in America in 1962 (NY: Doubleday). Yet having one of the most famous white, male, sociologists of the era argue for the importance of her work was not enough to get it well-integrated into how sociologists thought about classical theory. And indeed, though it is more perceptive than Tocqueville on some key points, it hardly replaces his overall theory.

7 7 On Addams, and more directly on the role of women in founding modern sociology, see Patricia Madoo Lengerman and Gillian Niebrugge, The Women Founders: Sociology and Social Theory 1830-1930. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2007.

8 8 Aldon Morris, W.E.B. Du Bois: The Scholar Denied. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.

9 9 See Patricia Hill Collins, Intersectionality as Social Theory. Durham: Duke University Press, 2019. In this, Du Bois was greatly influenced by the philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. This is a reminder that though sociological theory is a disciplinary project, it is also importantly interdisciplinary. The concept of intersectionality was formulated by a Black feminist legal scholar, Kimberlé Crenshaw. Sociological theory has been central to, and also received influences from, both Black studies and feminism.

10 10 The Sociology of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973; Part 3.

11 11 Popper, Karl R., Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1992).

12 12 C.B. Macpherson, Political Theory of Possessive Individualism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.

13 13 Adam Ferguson, a Scottish founder of sociology, wrote that society had its own history, distinct from that of politics. An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; orig. 1767).

14 14 Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1966.

15 15 The term “industrial revolution” was first used by French writers in the early 19th century and rapidly appropriated into English thought; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1958).

16 16 See David A. Reissman, Adam Smith’s Sociological Economics (London: Croom Helm, 1976).

17 17 This change was variously described as a move from status to contract or ascription to achievement.

18 18 On the early history of individualism as a sociological concept, see Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1973).

19 19 Cooley, Social Organization, NY: Scribner’s, 1909, p. 4.

20 20 Tönnies, Community and Civil Society, orig. 1887; this ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

21 21 Marion Goldman and Steven Pfaff, The Spiritual Virtuoso, London: Bloomsbury, 2017.

22 22 David Levering Lewis, God’s Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215. New York: Norton, 2008.

23 23 Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History (abridged edition, translated by Franz Rosenthal). Princeton University Press 2015.

24 24 Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, orig. 1939; this ed. Oxford: Blackwell 1994.

25 25 Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Persian Letters, orig. 1721; this ed., Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973. The Spirit of Laws (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978; orig. 1748).

26 26 Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

27 27 Hannah Arendt, On Totalitarianism, NY: Harcourt, 1951.