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1.4 Healthcare as a Big Data Repository

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Healthcare is a multi-dimensional system established with the sole aim for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of health-related issues or impairments in human beings. These are the main parts of a healthcare system; you have the medical personnel (doctors and nurses), which supports the healthcare facilities (clinics and hospitals for delivering medicine and technologies), and then you have financing supporting them. The physicians who practice in different areas of healthcare, such as dentistry, midwifery, and psychology are health professionals known as so-aspirants. Since there are so many issues with healthcare, it depends on the level of urgency and extent of treatment to expand. The professional first; their clientele receives it from a variety of treatment options, complex and invasive conditions, both from non-professional physicians and private hospitals, and as well as from the general medical community (non-specialized as well as well as private) (quaternary care) [17]. A doctor, nurse, researcher, radiologist, and lab technician are all needed to have separate needs and are held responsible for a number of different types of information. For example, that of patient history (diagnosis and prescriptions), other medical and clinical (data obtained from imaging and laboratory tests), and personal history (all those that may apply), data on other medical issues as opposed to previous record keeping methods that typically utilized handwritten or typed case notes, in which these medical records were stored. This earlier method was not done, this could be compared to the results of a medical tests which are traditionally kept in an inadequate electronic systems. For reference, an ancient papyrus from Egypt suggests that this was standard practice even a figure in the time of 1600 BC [18]. In Stanley Reiser’s opinion [19], the medical case histories do an excellent job of recording everything in relation to the story of the patient, the family, and the physician, while preserving the dynamics of the illness.

Although digital systems have long been commonplace in healthcare, the implementation of more complex medical records is considered modern—a “means” today for generating an expanded comprehension of the available data sets and further learning about that health and illness. In 2003, the Institute of Medicine, a division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, coined the term “Electronic Health Records” to refer to records maintained for the purpose of improving the healthcare sector for the benefit of patients and clinicians. As defined by Murphy, Hanken, and Waters, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are computerized medical records for patients that contain information about an individual’s past, present, or future. Physical/mental health or condition that is stored in electronic systems that are used to capture, transmit, receive, store, retrieve, link, and manipulate multimedia data for the primary purpose of providing healthcare.

Big Data Analytics and Machine Intelligence in Biomedical and Health Informatics

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