Читать книгу Trust-Based Communication Systems for Internet of Things Applications - Группа авторов - Страница 17

The IoT system can be used to target specific applications from household appliances, such as automated lighting, to medical science, to life-sustaining devices, such as a monitoring system for human heartbeat. IoT has been made highly accessible with the advent of technology and is used to produce big data, which is further used by Business Intelligence systems for decision-making objectives as shown in Figure 1.3.

1 i. Smart HomesWith thousands of people per month, the people graph searching for smart homes is growing exponentially. The most interesting thing is that several businesses and start-ups are included in Smart Homes for database analysis as shown in Figure 1.4. Prominent startup names such as AlertMe or Nest, as well as a variety of multinational companies such as Philips, Haier, or Belkin etc., are included in the list of startups.Below mentioned are some of the few application areas pertaining to Smart Homes, including monitoring of energy and water supply usage to receive guidance about how to cut costs and money, remote control appliances, detection of gaps and breaches of windows and doors in order to deter intruders, and control of conditions within museums and art warehouses [7–9].Figure 1.3 IoT applications.Figure 1.4 Smart home.

2 ii. Smart CityOne of a city’s first steps towards being a Smart City is Smart Parking. It addresses a variety of problems related to parking, notifies drivers of available spaces, and when the parking period has expired. The diagonal smart parking garage has already been developed by China: a first of its kind robotic valet to move cars into a specific parking spot. It turns out that applications like waste control and water management are environmentally safe [10–13]. Figure 1.5 shows a Smart City tracks the status of the parking areas in the city, monitors vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges, and historical monuments, detects Wifi and Bluetooth enabled devices, measures the energy radiated by cell stations and Wi-Fi routers, enhances driving and pedestrian overpasses, monitors surveillance of vehicles and sidewalk levels, manages intelligent highways with warning messages, and takes care of climate-specific diversions and unpredictable incidents such as collisions or traffic jams.

3 iii. Smart GridIn order to enhance the efficiency, economy, and reliability of the delivery of energy, a Smart Grid effectively promises to collect knowledge on the actions of customers and electricity distributors in an automated manner. Talking precisely over a state and country, both distribution and transmission systems aim at forwarding and collecting information from nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, Smart Houses, Cities, and Factories, electric vehicles, wind power plants, solar panels, etc. to and from the Smart Grid through grid specific applications [14]. They can prevent or minimize the damage natural catastrophes create, increase the efficiency of transmitting power, and reduce financial losses as shown in Figure 1.6.Figure 1.5 Smart city.Figure 1.6 Smart grid.

4 iv. Smart RetailIoT technologies in retail offer the shopper an all-novel beginning. With the support of IoT apps, consumers will not have to wait in long lines as the transaction system can quickly read the product tags and subtract the total sum from electronic wallets. Smart Retail makes use of embedded systems which help in enhancing data-marts’ operations, sale hikes, fraud control measures, improvising shopper’s outlook, and management of inventory [15]. Physical distributors may compete more powerfully against online rivals through IoT. They will recover their lost market share and pull customers into the shop, allowing them to purchase more while saving cash.

5 v. WearablesThe most popular wearable instruments that have flooded the market are smart watches. Bluetooth, being the first of the IoT inventories, was initially used for exchanging messages between computers. With the help of IoT wearables, users can easily make calls, exchange messages, access social media platforms, and keep track of his/her health records. Like Fitbits, devices such as pacemakers and insulin pumps can also be synced with IoT for additional tracking. Wearables have hit the headlines for IoT applications, much like Smart Homes. Figure 1.7 shows the wearables.Figure 1.7 Wearables.

6 vi. Connected CarAs shown in Figure 1.8, connected car technology is kind of a star topological network comprising of different nodes, antennas, embedded systems, and technologies. This helps in navigating our complex world through communications. It is responsible for making decisions with continuity, precision, and velocity [16].A Connected Car is a car with internet connectivity and a wireless LAN that is technology-driven. This technology provides the driver with different advantages, such as in-car infotainment, advanced mapping, fuel economy, and engineering support.Figure 1.8 Connected car.

7 vii. Digital HealthHealthcare IoT will make it easier for patients to enjoy engaging with their clinicians to increase patient involvement and satisfaction. It offers better medical care, from private exercise monitors to surgical robots. IoT is helping to revolutionize healthcare and offers pocket-friendly options for patients and healthcare professionals [17–19].Figure 1.9 shows connected healthcare enables real-time tracking with the aid of smart devices. Health information like blood pressures, oxylevel, sugar level content, weight of the patients, and reports of Electro Cardiograms can be collected and uploaded to the cloud and one-drives through smartphone applications and can later be reviewed by the concerned health official if necessary. During any emergency case, the patient can reach the doctor miles away through smartphone applications.

8 viii. Industrial ControlIoT helps to make well-ordered structures and architectures of systems that are important, logical, and scalable. The main objective is to generate cooperative communications and interactions from the input or output of the manufacturing sector, including actuators, robots, analyzers, etc., to improve flexibility and improve efficiency. Industrial automation has leveraged commercial technology in external areas using IoT [20].Figure 1.9 Digital health.

9 ix. Smart FarmingFarmers would be able to decrease waste and increase production with the use of IoT. With the aid of censors, this device will allow soil and crop monitoring [21–23]. The farmers would also be able to track the conditions of the field from anywhere this is described in Figure 1.10.Figure 1.11 shows the overall applications of IoT.Figure 1.10 Smart farming.Figure 1.11 IoT application areas in 2020.