Читать книгу Sustainable Nanotechnology - Группа авторов - Страница 91

The tertiary industry sector in an economy includes business which offers various services to consumers. These services are usually intangible in nature and produce high gross domestic products (GDP) and employment. GNT affects the service industry sector both directly and indirectly. GNT principles and processes have implications in future performances in this industry sector. Table 3.7 lists opportunities and challenges for GNT‐based innovations in the tertiary industry sector.

Table 3.5 Green nanotechnology‐based innovations in primary industry sector.

S. No.	Natural resources industries	Opportunities (O) and challenges (C) of green nanotechnology
1	Agriculture	O: Use of nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanobiosensors, and nano‐enabled remediation are used in precision forming and biotic and abiotic remediation, for controlled release of nutrients to targeted soils, soil biota, soil organic matter, and plant morphological and physiological responses, aimed to obtain their fullest biological efficacy without overdosage
Nano‐sensors and nano‐remediation methods may detect and remove environmental contaminants
C: There is limited knowledge concerning nanomaterial biosafety, adverse effects, fate, and acquired biological reactivity once dispersed into the environment, which requires further scientific efforts to assess possible nano‐agricultural risks
Lack of adequate risk management strategies for workers, occupational safety practices, and policies, as well as to develop a responsible regulatory consensus
2	Forestry	O: Green nanotechnology has the ability to reduce carbon footprints of petroleum‐based products by means of renewable forest‐based nanocellulose. Nanocellulose is considered important material for research and development of plastics, coatings, sensors, electronics, automobile body and aerospace materials, medical implants, and body armor so that future day plastics, cellular telephones, medical implants, body armor, and flexible displays will be produced as forest products
C: To achieve improvement in the performance‐to‐weight ratio of paper and packaging products through green nanotechnology to create features such as optical, electronic, barrier, sensing thermal, and surface texture
3	Mining	O: Use of nanosized vessels to recover valuable minerals that end up in the waste
Use of green nanomaterials like graphene coatings on drill bits that perform borehole drilling to increase effectiveness and longevity
Use of green nanomaterial for lubrication for all the mechanical parts heavy‐duty machinery to work optimally
Use of green nanotechnology allows us to isolate gold from raw materials in a selective manner instead of using cyanide
C: To prove that the nanoparticles prepared through the green route used in mining do not have side effects for mining workers and the environment
4	Fisheries	O: Green nanotechnology can revolutionize fisheries and aquaculture industry with new tools like rapid disease detection, to speed up the absorption of drugs like hormones, vaccines, and nutrients to fish, and by using antibacterial nanocoatings, shelf life of fish, and shellfish may be improved. Green supply chain using nanotechnology can decrease supply chain time between origin to destination
Nanotechnological applications in fisheries also include antibacterial surfaces in the aquaculture system, nano delivery of veterinary products in fish food using porous nanostructures, and nanosensors for detecting pathogens in the water including removing microbes, organic chemicals, and metals
C: Proper methods of measurement of environmental effects and the surveillance of nanomaterials in products, especially food such as fish fillets, are needed
5	Oil and natural gas	O: Green nanotechnology provides nanomaterials to be used as drilling fluids and enhanced oil recovery in addition to other applications including cementing and well stimulation to enhance well productivity
C: Economic feasibility of nanoparticle to be used and their commercial availability. To know the hazardous nature of nanoparticles on health, environment, and safety, and predicted severe health issues

Table 3.6 Nanotechnology‐based manufacturing innovations in secondary industry sector.

S. No.	Manufacturing industries	Opportunities (O) and challenges (C) of green nanotechnology
1	Potable water sector	O: Green nanotechnology can be used to convert impure water and seawater into potable water. The nanofilters made by nanomembranes can remove all kinds of water contaminants including turbidity, oil, bacteria, viruses, and organic contaminants from impure water or salt from seawater
C: Implementation of nanotechnology‐enabled alternatives systematically using optimum nanomembranes for the conversion of impure water into potable water throughout the world in a fixed timeframe
2	Environment cleaning sector	O: Green nanotechnology products, processes, and applications are capable to clean degraded environments including air cleaning, water cleaning, and sound cleaning and controls climate change by reducing greenhouse gases and hazardous wastes
C: Implementation of systematically designed low‐cost renewable energy supported nanotechnology‐based environment purifying system in every country within a fixed timeline
3	Food and food processing sector	O: Use of green nanotechnology in food protection and delivery to targeted sites, improving food flavor, to encapsulate nutrients such as vitamins, adding antibacterial green nanoparticles into food for enhancement of shelf life, sensing the contamination, improving food storage, tracking, training, brand protection, etc.
C: Identifying the potential harm of nanomaterials to human beings due to added green nanomaterials to food and food packaging applications
4	Renewable energy sector	O: Use of green nanotechnology for renewable energy generation, transmission, storage, efficient lighting, and energy management systems at low cost
C: Identifying optimum nanomaterial for a particular application, reduction of cost toward zero, improving efficiency toward 100%, optimization of storage properties of nanotechnology‐based storage device, etc.
5	Construction industry sector	O: Green nanotechnology allows to improve the properties of construction materials including cement with the addition of nanoparticles will lead to stronger, more durable, self‐healing, air purifying, fire resistant, easy to clean, optimum heat and noise insulation, and quick compacting concrete
C: Challenges include unknown environmental, health and safety risks, uncertainty concerning the market, and consumer acceptance
6	Consumer goods industry sector	O: Green nanotechnology has made an impact on fast consumer goods like textile and fabrics, cosmetics and skin cares, sporting goods, cleaning products, furniture, home appliances, etc. in terms of durability, production cost, enhanced features, security, etc.
C: Challenges include technology transfer, government approvals, consumer acceptance and awareness, negative propaganda and lobby of existing conventional manufacturers, etc.
7	Automobile industry	O: Green nanotechnology supported lightweight but stronger automobile components, increased performance with long mileage, durable tires, self‐repairing, long‐life batteries, renewable energy through nanopaints, which lead to cleaner, quieter, and more pleasant automobiles
C: Commercialization of green nanomaterials, nanocomponents, and nanosystems related to automobiles. Country government support to create awareness among automobile manufacturers and customers
8	Medical equipment and drug synthesis	O: Green nanotechnology supports to revolutionize drug manufacturing, targeted drug delivery, medical diagnostics, regenerative medicines
C: Worldwide acceptance of new drugs, treatment procedures, and regulatory practices take time for global usage
Monitoring side effects and attitudes of medical practitioners also hinder the medical treatments in the health science regime
9	Electrical, electronics, and computer industry sector	O: Green nanotechnology based high speed and miniature‐sized communication devices and computation devices, high‐density memory chips, nano‐sensors, etc. for ubiquitous communication, computation, embedded wearable electronics, and entertainment
C: Complexity involved in fabricating nanoelectronics devices and the resistance of many companies to shift from silicon‐based electronics to molecular nanomaterials‐based devices
10	Aerospace and defense sector	O: Green nanotechnology supports miniaturized drones or a swarm of artificial bees to provide additional awareness and visibility. The miniaturized bots equipped with artificial intelligence support give information on the battlefield situations. Hence, GNT with nanosatellites, nano‐battlesuit, nanosensors, nano‐drones, nanosystems planted in human bodies, and nano‐nuclear chemical and biological weapons will give the upper hand in defense and aerospace sector against conventional technologies
C: Technology transfer, skilled human resource, huge initial investment, awareness at decision‐making level, procrastination of decisions

Table 3.7 Nanotechnology‐based service innovations in the tertiary industry sector.

S. No.	Service industries	Opportunities (O) and challenges (C) of green nanotechnology
1	Advertising industry	O: Green nanotechnology provides special effect paints and displays which change their color at different light intensity levels and hence at a different time of the day
C: Commercialization of such technology, cost against existing systems/models, and durability are yet to be tested
2	Education industry	O: Green nanotechnology as a career option, improving and innovations in educational technology through higher quality and low‐cost internet as well as display devices leading to ubiquitous online education
C: Challenges include, complexity involves in technology and initial investment cost
3	E‐commerce industry	O: Green nanotechnology supports the identification of counterfeit goods. Certified QR codes and tracking devices supported by nanotechnology can be utilized for product packaging
C: Creating awareness on the use of such technology with identity benefits to many products consumes time
4	Entertainment industry	O: Green nanotechnology supports to improve the efficiencies of digital entertainment instruments and their durability. It also improves the speed and reachability of internet signals for high speed online video games
C: Cost and creating awareness are two major challenges for nanotechnology‐based entertainment services
5	Fashion industry	Green nanotechnology embedded fabrics can be designed to resist liquids, fight off wrinkles, quick drying, and breathe. Also, for the killing of microbes in cloths, coating that repels water and stain‐producing liquids, antistatic nanoparticles to discharge accumulated static charge, new designs, and patterns on fabrics and fashion equipment, etc.
C: Awareness creation and reachability of GNT features in the industry
6	Financial services industry	O: Huge investment in mega‐technology will facilitate the banking sector and drive economic growth. The financial industry will have a key role in the transfer of technology from research centers to various industries. GNT provides technological support for authentic and secured financial transactions
C: Slow technology transfer, delay in investment decisions, financial constraints for start‐ups, effective utilization of government budgets, etc.
7	Healthcare industry	O: Disease control by means of disease diagnostics, prophylactics, and treatment of diseases. Nanoprobes and nanosensors have the potential for prevention and control of diseases. GNT‐based organ regeneration and lifespan expansion are also possible
C: Use of GNT in health care may raise concern on regulation, transparency, patient privacy, consent, etc.
8	Hospitality industry	O: Food preservation with original taste; self‐cleaning of floors, walls, fabrics, and furniture; bacteria‐repellant bathroom surfaces; bed sheets that resist wear and soil and adjust for comfort or a pillowcase that glows when a guest reads in bed
C: Cost of technology during the initial investment time is certainly high
9	Insurance industry	O: Insurance industry sees GNT as a big opportunity for its future survival and growth. Nanotechnology companies might adopt insurance coverage to reduce their risks and liability for new futuristic business in every industry sector
C: The fundamental difficulty in making risk assessment unless quantifiable statistical data are readily available, and hence probability and severity are difficult to calculate
10	Print and media industry	O: GNT has applications from printing inks to digital printing processes, videography, wearable audio recording devices, and high speed online electronic and optical communication device
C: Slow technology transfer and higher cost for early entrants
11	Online services industry	O: GNT supports online ubiquitous services through 5G and future 6G technology where it can offer audio, video, smell, taste, and touch feelings of products and services for online selections. Using smart and artificial intelligence‐enabled computers, mass customization of online services is possible
C: Slow penetration to the market due to early breathing problems
12	Tourism industry	O: GNT‐based attractive display screens at tourism centers, airports, and various other locations to provide quick information
C: Cost factor until mass usage
13	Security services	O: Tagging and tracking, monitoring, advancing sensors technology, improved RFID technology in body armor, combating fraud with nanoparticle‐based inks
C: Integrating nanotechnology with ICCT for specific services
14	Coating services industry	O: Coating service, based purely on nano coating on surfaces/devices for specific purposes
C: Attractive for large scale coatings only based on cost–benefit analysis
15	Event management industry	O: GNT‐based electronic decorations, waste management, food and beverage quality management, music service, clothing service, etc.
C: Coordination with technology provider and event management team
16	Smart city services industry	O: Green nanomaterial enabled the network to provide a backbone for smart city communications using 5G technology. Inclusion of nanotechnology in smart city solutions along with Information technology solutions, power plant, water treatment, road infrastructure, air pollution, etc.
C: Delay in the realization of smart cities by governments in developed and developing countries