Читать книгу Applied and Computational Historical Astronomy. Angewandte und computergestützte historische Astronomie. - Gudrun Wolfschmidt - Страница 6
ОглавлениеTable of Contents
INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED AND COMPUTATIONAL HISTORICAL ASTRONOMY
1 Introduction to Applied and Computational Historical Astronomy
Susanne M. Hoffmann (Jena) & Gudrun Wolfschmidt (Hamburg)
1.1 Introduction to Computational History of Astronomy
1.1.1 Digitial History
1.1.2 Computational History of Astronomy
1.2 Introduction to Applied Historical Astronomy
1.2.1 Usage of historical data
1.2.2 The aspect of application
1.2.3 Exploring stellar evolution: The needs of astrophysics
1.2.3.1 New stars – an historical example
1.2.3.2 Current research on novae
1.2.4 Successful stories
1.2.4.1 Supernovae
1.2.4.2 Novae
1.3 Opening of the conference contributions
1.4 Bibliography
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
2 Exploring Skies Remote in Time and Culture with Stellarium Georg Zotti (Vienna, Austria)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Virtual Archaeoastronomy
2.2.1 Why simulation is necessary
2.3 Stellarium
2.3.1 Stellarium for Virtual Archaeoastronomy
2.3.2 Skycultures
2.3.3 Calendars
2.3.4 Simulation of transient phenomena
2.3.5 Interfacing with other programs
2.4 Conclusion
2.5 Bibliography
3 Modeling the Cosmos – Developing a Digital Research Environment for the Computational History of Ancient Astronomy
Ido Yavetz & Luca Beisel (Tel Aviv, Israel)
3.1 Background: Ancient Astronomy and the Question of Visualization
3.2 Project Description
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Technology
3.2.3 Stage of Development
3.2.4 Functionality
3.2.5 User Interface
3.2.6 The virtual planetarium as a tool for study and teaching
3.2.7 The virtual planetarium as a tool for original research
3.2.8 Additional Screenshots
3.3 Bibliography
4 (Semi-)Manual Data-Mining and -Processing
Karsten Markus-Schnabel (Berlin)
GEOMETRY AND ARCHITECTURE
5 Alignment of the Temples of Musawwarat es Sufra
as exemplification for astronomical orientation of Kushite cult architecture Tim Karberg (Münster)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Alignment of the temples of the Great Enclosure of Musawwarat es Sufra
5.3 Alignment of the Apedemak (“Lion”) Temple of Musawwarat es Sufra
5.4 Religious interpretation of the alignments of the temples of Musawwarat es Sufra
5.5 References
Kepler’s ASTRONOMIA NOVA – COMPUTATIONALLY
6 Kepler’s Astronomia Nova – A Challenge for Computational History and the Philosophy of Science Gerd Graßhoff & Mohammad Yeghaneh Abkenar (Berlin)
6.1 Kepler’s research programme
6.2 Observations and data
6.2.1 Empirical derivation
6.2.2 Brahe’s observations
6.3 Computational Astronomia Nova
6.3.1 A pipeline for text analysis
6.3.2 Computational notebooks
6.3.2.1 Loading natural language processing models
6.3.2.2 Importing Kepler’s text corpus
6.3.2.3 Data frame of observational paragraphs
6.3.3 Reconstruction of the Argument
6.4 Summary
6.5 Bibliography
HISTORICAL STAR CATALOGUES
7 Pre-telescopic star catalogues – Accuracy in magnitudes and positions
Philipp Protte (Jena) & Susanne M. Hoffmann (Jena)
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Dependencies and open questions
7.1.2 Previous works on historical magnitudes
7.2 On the original catalogues
7.3 Analysis of the magnitudes
7.3.1 Conversion of the magnitude scales
7.3.2 Analysis of the magnitude errors
7.3.2.1 Variance and covariance
7.3.2.2 Dependence on the colour index
7.3.2.3 Extinction features
7.3.2.4 Star maps and background brightness
7.4 Conclusions from the magnitude analysis
7.4.1 Statistical significance
7.4.2 Final Remarks on the accuracy of pre-telescopic magnitudes
7.5 Appendix: Optical Illusion for regression
7.6 Modern attempts of magnitude estimation
7.6.1 Neutral density filters
7.6.2 A Citizen Science App
7.7 Reconstruction of Ptolemy’s Armillary sphere
7.8 Bibliography
8 Measurements of stellar magnitudes in Ptolemy’s Almagest Gerd Graßhoff (Berlin)
8.1 Bibliography
9 How visible are celestial objects?
Victor Reijs (Lochem, The Netherlands)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definitions used to define the visibility of celestial objects
9.2.1 Some angle definitions
9.2.2 Visibility during full darkness
9.2.3 Heliacal events
9.2.3.1 Stars and outer planets
9.2.3.1.1 Star types
9.2.3.2 Inner planets
9.2.3.3 The Moon
9.2.3.4 A summary of apparent heliacal events
9.3 Visibility models
9.3.1 Different types of visibility models
9.3.1.1 Observational models
9.3.1.2 Mathematical models
9.3.1.3 Combined models
9.3.2 Schaefer’s model
9.3.2.1 Parameters in Schaefer’s model
9.3.2.2 Sensitivity analysis using Schaefer’s model
9.3.3 Sensitivity of observational models
9.4 Comparing with observations and other models
9.4.1 Schaefer’s combined model and Kolev’s observations
9.4.2 Schaefer’s combined model and Schoch’s observational model
9.4.3 Schaefer’s and de Jong’s combined model
9.5 Analysing more visibility aspects using a combined model
9.5.1 Day and night vision
9.5.2 Star type determination
9.5.3 Visibility of First Crescent
9.5.4 Visibility of Venus during a year
9.5.5 Date distribution of Venus’ heliacal rise
9.5.6 Are observations actual observations?
9.6 Concluding remarks
9.7 Bibliography
10 The Star Catalogue of Wilhelm IV, Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel
Andreas Schrimpf (Marburg) & Frank Verbunt (Nijmegen, The Netherlands)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Astronomy at Kassel
10.3 The Star Catalogue of Wilhelm IV
10.4 Accuracy of the Measurements
10.5 Accuracy of the Computations
10.6 Accuracy of the Star Catalogue
10.7 Conclusions and Outlook
10.8 Appendix
10.9 Bibliography
INDIVIDUAL STARS
11 Studies of Historical Solar Observations: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
José M. Vaquero (Mérida, Badajoz, Spain)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sunspot counting and solar activity
11.3 Sunspot distribution and characteristics
11.4 The Maunder Minimum
11.5 Some final comments
11.6 Bibliography
12 What can photographic plate archives contribute to modern astrophysics?
Rene Hudec (Prague, Czech Republic)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Astronomical plates as cultural heritage
12.3 The non-astronomical photographic collections
12.4 Photographic plate scanning methods
12.4.1 Transportable digitizing device
12.4.2 The inventory of astronomical plate collections
12.4.3 Selected plate and/or negative collections
12.5 The value of astronomical photographic archives for modern astrophysics
12.5.1 Variable Stars
12.6 Conclusions
12.7 References
13 Mira, Eta Carinae and Algol – Variable Stars as Milestones in the History of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Björn Kunzmann (Hamburg)
14 Discovery of an emission nebula in the Galactic globular cluster M 22
Fabian Göttgens (Göttingen), Peter M. Weilbacher (Potsdam), Martin M. Roth (Potsdam), Stefan Dreizler (Göttingen) et al.
15 Review on the search for historical novae and several byproducts
Susanne M. Hoffmann (Jena) & Nikolaus Vogt (Valparaíso, Chile)
15.1 Long-term studies in astrophysics
15.2 Suggestions of historical novae and supernovae
15.2.1 Supernovae
15.2.2 Several questions occurring
15.2.3 Novae
15.3 How many novae do we expect?
15.4 How can we judge the likelihood that a record matches a particular star?
15.5 A new computational method
15.5.1 Test data
15.5.2 Expected Results and Uncertainties
15.5.3 Yearly change in the dataset
15.6 Results from applying our method
15.6.1 Successful findings
15.6.2 Are there possibly recurrent novae on the timescale of centuries?
15.6.3 Does Shara’s CV+shell pair in Sco really match the event 1437?
15.6.4 There are novae candidates among the three suggested supernovae in the 4th century!
15.6.5 The event 483 CE east of Shen
15.6.6 The single event in Niandao: 1404 or 1408
15.6.7 The single event 1181 in Huagai, LM Kui
15.6.8 Doubtful records analysed
15.6.8.1 Three potential novae after comet 837 CE
15.6.8.1.1 Event 837(c)
15.6.8.1.2 Event 837(b)
15.6.8.1.3 Event 837(a)
15.6.8.1.4 Results on 837 CE
15.6.8.2 Eratosthenes’ additional star
15.6.8.3 The record from 396 CE
15.6.8.4 The record from 437 CE
15.6.8.5 The records from 667 and 668 CE
15.6.8.6 The record from 891 CE
15.6.8.7 The records from 1592 CE
15.6.9 Open questions
15.6.9.1 The single event – 76 in Zigong
15.6.9.2 The single event – 46 east of Juanshe, LM Mao
15.6.9.3 The single event +107 in Hu, LM Dongjing
15.6.9.4 The event 1073 or ’74 south of Dongbi
15.6.9.5 The single event 1113 in Yingshi
15.7 Summary
15.7.1 An addition to the historical catalogue
15.7.2 News for the interpretation of text
15.7.3 News for astrophysics
15.8 Bibliography
16 Frequently Asked Questions on our Method
Susanne M. Hoffmann (Jena)
16.1 Can we exclude comets by selection criteria?
16.2 Why do we consider ‘fuzzy stars’ and ‘broom stars’?
16.3 Why we neglect terminology
16.3.1 The noun
16.3.2 The verb
16.3.3 Two examples of misleading text
16.3.4 Conclusion on terminology
16.4 On which identification can we rely for the search fields?
16.5 What counterparts do we search for novae?
16.6 Why do we not consider the distances?
16.7 What types of objects do we search for the thesis and antithesis?
16.8 Why is the resulting table of targets not the solution?
16.8.1 Uncertainty 1: Position and Computing
16.8.2 Uncertainty 2: Corrupted text
16.8.3 Uncertainty 3: Further possibilities for counterparts
16.8.4 Why the research should go on: Uncertainty principle
16.9 What are the error bars of the position?
16.10 What is the outcome of all this?
16.11 Why the Star of Bethlehem is irrelevant here
16.12 Why ‘red Sirius’ is irrelevant here
16.13 Seven(?) Pleiades
16.14 What were the filter criteria for modern counterparts?
16.15 Bibliography
Authors
Nuncius Hamburgensis
Index
