Читать книгу Continental Rifted Margins 1 - Gwenn Peron-Pinvidic - Страница 4

1 PrefaceFigure P.1. Topographic map of the world with the major ocean basins, rifted mar...Figure P.2. Color code used in most figures of this book if not specified otherw...Figure P.3. Geological timescale

2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Schematic representation of the main layers constituting the EarthFigure 1.2. Schematic representation of the Wilson Cycle in eight steps illustra...Figure 1.3. Schematic illustration of the two main theoretical categories of rif...Figure 1.4. Illustration of the “narrow rift mode” introduced by Buck (1991). In...Figure 1.5. Topographic map of the East African Rift system with indication of s...Figure 1.6. Schematic representation of an Aulacogen: a typically narrow intraco...Figure 1.7. Maps locating the Benue Trough aulacogen in the South Atlantic plate...Figure 1.8. Illustration of the “wide rift mode”Figure 1.9. Topographic map of the Basin and Range Province. Elevation and bathy...Figure 1.10. Illustration of the intracratonic rift basin caseFigure 1.11. a) Topographic map of central Africa showing the outline of the mai...Figure 1.12. Illustration of the back arc, forearc and trench basins related to ...Figure 1.13. Illustration of the pure shear and simple shear deformation mechani...Figure 1.14. Illustration of the three ideal Andersonian fault types. S refers t...Figure 1.15. Illustration of normal faults: a) cartoon illustrating the fault co...Figure 1.16a. Conceptual model of the development of normal fault systems. The i...Figure 1.16b. The constant length fault model, another commonly used modeling ty...Figure 1.17. Schematic illustration of the formation of a low-angle fault (LANF)...Figure 1.18. Illustration of the elongation, stretching and thinning factorsFigure 1.19a. Diagram illustrating a detachment fault accommodating displacement...Figure 1.19b. Photo showing a field example of the Nordfjord-Sogn detachment zon...Figure 1.19c. Extract from a seismic reflection profile in the mid-Norwegian rif...Figure 1.20. Illustration of a shear zone: a) diagram illustrating the concentra...Figure 1.21. Illustration of a metamorphic core complexFigure 1.22. Schematic illustration of the evolution of low-angle normal faults ...Figure 1.23. a) Illustration of a schematic boudinage structure; b) field exampl...Figure 1.24. a) Illustration of the main fold geometries; b) field example photo...Figure 1.25. Diagram illustrating the structural geometries of a graben, horst a...Figure 1.26. Diagram illustrating the main structural geometries associated with...Figure 1.27. Illustration of the possible complex geometries developed during ex...Figure 1.28. Tectonic subsidence curves for various types of basins around the w...Figure 1.29. Schematic representation of the definitions of sedimentary subdivis...Figure 1.30. Schematic diagrams summarizing the major structural and stratigraph...Figure 1.31. Series of block diagrams illustrating the tectono-sedimentary evolu...Figure 1.32. Evaporite deposition at different stages of rifting, shown just pri...Figure 1.33. Styles and features of rift-related salt tectonics: a) thick-skinne...Figure 1.34. Improvement of seismic imaging, especially in the subsalt domain (e...Figure 1.35a. Summary of the main geometries related to magmatic activity encoun...Figure 1.35b. Seismic facies chart, morphometric data and interpretation of the ...

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. An early “text book”-style illustration of a rifted margin, standard...Figure 2.2. Series of global plate reconstructions selected as a representative ...Figure 2.3. Location map showing the extent of the Storegga slide (red polygon)....Figure 2.4. Diagram illustrating the morphology of offshore rifted margins based...Figure 2.5. Illustration of the coastal legal zones, including the territorial s...Figure 2.6. Sketches defining rift obliquity. Continental margins with an obliqu...Figure 2.7. Worldwide map with rifts and rifted margin segments color-coded base...Figure 2.8. Worldwide examples: in the left column, the present-day location and...Figure 2.9. Schematic representation of theoretical end-member categories of rif...Figure 2.10. Outlines (in pink) of the main LIPs (Large Igneous Provinces) on a ...Figure 2.11. Illustration of the magma-poor (top) versus magmatic (bottom) break...Figure 2.12. Offshore total sediment thickness mapFigure 2.13a. Ilustration of a sediment-rich rifted margin, based on examples fr...Figure 2.13b. Ilustration of a sediment-starved rifted margin, based on examples...Figure 2.14. Schematic representation of the key elements constituting a rifted ...Figure 2.15. Illustration of the McKenzie rift model (McKenzie 1978): the lithos...Figure 2.16. Illustration of the Wernicke rift model (Wernicke 1985). Similarly ...Figure 2.17. Detachment fault (DF) model for continental passive margins showing...Figure 2.18. Five extension models using the concept of detachments. a) Lithosph...Figure 2.19. Conceptual lithosphere-scale model of development of a rifted magma...Figure 2.20. Modes of extension leading to continental break-up. Left column: co...Figure 2.21. Illustration of shear deformation based on seismic reflection profi...Figure 2.22. Illustration of the variety of structures produced by polyphase fau...Figure 2.23. Illustration of the sequential faulting model based on the Iberia–N...Figure 2.24. Unroofing of the symmetric expanse of mantle by successive asymmetr...Figure 2.25a. Evolution of finite strain and active deformation. Detailed evolut...Figure 2.25b. Comparison of the modeled and observed key structural features. a)...Figure 2.26. Schematic representation of the structural setting of an idealized ...Figure 2.27. Left column: numerical simulations with active deformation (strain-...Figure 2.28a. Schematic cartoon of the numerical simulations shown in Figure 2.2...Figure 2.28b. Cartoon illustrating the proposed exhumation detachment factory mo...Figure 2.28c. Close-up of the rift axis on the numerical simulation at the 73 My...Figure 2.29. Schematic cartoon summarizing the major structural and stratigraphi...Figure 2.30. Table summarizing the deformation modes interpreted to structure ri...Figure 2.31a. Cross-section illustrating the regional structural context of the ...Figure 2.31b. Simplified structural map of SW Norway. The onshore red lines outl...Figure 2.31c. Seismic reflection profiles from the Trøndelag Platform and North ...Figure 2.32. Cartoon showing different simplified coupling scenarios based on ob...Figure 2.33. Illustration of the potential fits and misfits between the structur...Figure 2.34. Schematic representation of the structural setting of an idealized ...Figure 2.35. Models for crustal accretion at ocean ridges. a) Classic interpreta...Figure 2.36. Schematic representation of a slow-spreading ridge segment, showing...Figure 2.37a. Schematic model of rifting evolution illustrating the formation of...Figure 2.37b. Left: bathymetric map of the North Atlantic Ocean with mapping (ba...Figure 2.38. Conceptual model for plume-related microcontinent formation. a) Fra...Figure 2.39. Block diagram illustrating the lateral change of the structural rol...Figure 2.40. Cartoon summarizing the updated structural and stratigraphic charac...Figure 2.41. Schematic representation of the structural crustal evolution from a...Figure 2.42. Geologic model showing the temporal evolution of the distal margin,...Figure 2.43. Bathymetric map of the North-East Atlantic, with the white lines re...

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Diagrams highlighting three major stages of the Wilson Cycle: a) rif...Figure 3.2. a) Tectonic map of the West Mediterranean region showing the locatio...Figure 3.3. Maps and cross-sections across the Alpine orogen showing the relatio...Figure 3.4. Diagram summarizing the geological characteristics of structural dom...Figure 3.5. a) Tectonic map of the Austroalpine and South Penninic Units samplin...Figure 3.6. Criteria used in the Punta Rosa Unit to recognize remnants of magma-...Figure 3.7. Schematic cross-sections showing the evolution of distinct basement ...Figure 3.8. Characteristics and architecture of classical rift and supra-detachm...Figure 3.9. Summary of the observations enabling the identification of the forme...Figure 3.10a. Summary of the main field observations characterizing the Iberian ...Figure 3.10b. Restored cross-section across the Iberian margin of the Pyrenean r...Figure 3.11a. Different field relationships exposed in the Senhadja Nappe in the...Figure 3.11b. Diagram illustrating the idealized architecture of the North Afric...Figure 3.11c. Diagram illustrating the idealized architecture of the North Afric...

5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Acquisition principles of seismic reflection and refraction. The res...Figure 4.2. Common mid-points (CMP) acquisition. Each shot is recorded by the 12...Figure 4.3. Noises related to seismic waves behavior. a) The seafloor multiple r...Figure 4.4. Principle of normal move-out (NMO) correction before stacking. a) CM...Figure 4.5. Effect of migration at constant velocity (water velocity, 1500 m/sec...Figure 4.6. Example of seismic facies description. The red arrows highlight the ...Figure 4.7a. Seismic record (top panel), picks, computed arrival times (middle p...Figure 4.7b. Same display for a layered forward model (North-Eastern Gulf of Ade...Figure 4.8. Example of OBS data, picks and results along a same South China Sea ...Figure 4.9. Gravity anomaly for two small cylinders at 2 and 6 km depth. Each cy...Figure 4.10. Example of gravity modeling in the Colorado Basin, Atlantic Argenti...Figure 4.11. Free-air gravity anomaly map of the conjugated Australia-Antarctica...Figure 4.12. Magnetic anomaly map from the EMAG2 grid model for the conjugated A...Figure 4.13. Sketches of the two end-member rifted margins: magma-rich rifted ma...Figure 4.14. Seismic reflection profile GA228-24 through the transition between ...Figure 4.15. Seismic reflection profile GA229-22 in oceanic crust without (top) ...Figure 4.16. Seismic reflection profile GA228-10 through seaward dipping reflect...Figure 4.17. Deep structure of the Argentinian (top) and Newfounland (bottom) co...Figure 4.18. Seismic reflection profile GA199-09 through the proximal margin wit...Figure 4.19. Seismic reflection profile GA228-24 through the zone of exhumed man...Figure 4.20. Example of methods complementarity along the Mirbat segment in the ...

6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. General workflow of numerical modeling of rifting. For the numerical...Figure 5.2. Modes of deformations in rifts (a) The three rifting phases of the 1...Figure 5.3. Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. In the Lagrangian framework, the...Figure 5.4. Conservation equations and rheology model. The momentum equation (eq...Figure 5.5. a) Typical initial strength and temperature profiles used in geodyna...Figure 5.6. Effect of changing the initial weak seed used to focus the deformati...Figure 5.7. a) Force balance during fault slip. The force required for a fault t...Figure 5.8. Effect of lithospheric strength on final margin and sedimentary arch...Figure 5.9. Controls on normal fault growth during rifting. a) Effect of lithosp...Figure 5.10. Onset of melting and serpentinization. Results for the onset of mel...Figure 5.11. Impacts of surface processes on pressure and strain localization. S...

7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Schematic section-view examples of normal-gravity experimental setup...Figure 6.2. Experimental monitoring techniques. a) Top- and side-view photograph...Figure 6.3. Schematic examples of upper crustal scale models to study normal fau...Figure 6.4. Schematic examples of parameters affecting brittle-viscous experimen...Figure 6.5. Schematic examples of lithospheric-scale rift model results as a fun...Figure 6.6. Schematic map view examples of fault patterns related to different e...Figure 6.7. Schematic examples of modeled rift interaction between right-steppin...Figure 6.8. Schematic examples of rift development and propagation under differe...