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Contents

Publisher’s Foreword ix

Foreword to the new edition xi

Author’s Preface xv

Translator’s Note xvii

Introduction 3

• The life of the Japanese language 3

• Evaluation of the language 4

• Characteristics of Japanese 7

PART I THE POSITION OF JAPANESE 11

1. An Isolated Language 13

• Origin 13

• Originality 14

• Role of isolation 16

2. Contact with Other Languages 18

• Linguistic isolation 18

• “Degeneration” of the language 18

• Influence from foreign languages 20

• Chinese character words—merits and demerits 22

• Chinese character words—what shall we do with them? 25

• The influence of Japanese on foreign languages 28

PART II ASPECTS OF SPEECH 31

1. Regional Differences 33

• Differences in dialects 33

• The origin of dialects 35

• The standard language and the common language 37

2. Occupational Differences 39

• Military jargon 39

• Official terminology 40

• Academic circles 42

3. Differences by Status and Sex 45

• Upper and lower classes 45

• Superiors and inferiors 46

• Male-female distinctions 47

4. Differences by Situation 53

• Literary style 53

• Persistence of literary expressions 55

• Peculiarity of “desu” and “masu” forms 57

• “Desu” and “masu” forms in daily speech 59

PART III PRONUNCIATION 63

1. The Syllable 65

• Distinct breaks between syllables 65

• Each syllable is a dot 67

2. The Phonemes 69

• Vowels 70

• Consonants 71

• Relation between vowels and consonants 74

3. The Sound System 76

• Structure of the syllable 76

• Syllabic nasal and syllabic stop 77

• Paucity of syllable types 79

4. From Syllables to Words 83

• Laws uniting syllables 83

• Pitch accent 86

• Rhythm 90

PART IV VOCABULARY 93

1. Size and Construction 95

• Are there comprehensive words? 96

• Is the vocabulary system well organized? 97

• Are there contradictory words and phrases? 99

2. Characteristics of Words 103

• How words are separated 103

• Japanese words are long 104

• Abundance of variable words 106

• Many homonyms and synonyms 108

• Distinctions between parts of speech 110

3. The Cultural Index 112

• Nature of the vocabulary 112

• Various ways of differentiation 112

• Words characteristic of a language 114

• Favorite words 115

4. Nature 117

• The weather 117

• The seasons 118

• Heavenly bodies 120

• Topography 121

• Water 122

• Vegetation 124

• Animals 125

5. Human Biology and Emotions 128

• The human body 128

• Internal organs 129

• Injuries and diseases 130

• The senses 131

• Differentiation of feelings 132

• Value words 134

• Body movement 136

• Daily necessities 137

• Moral and aesthetic consciousness 139

6. Family and Society 142

• Kinship 142

• Social position and sex distinction 144

• Terms of respect 146

• Social interaction 149

7. Abstract Ideas 153

• Spatial relations 153

• Colors 155

• Abstract ideas 156

PART V SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION 159

1. Form and Length 161

• Sentence form 161

• Sentence endings 163

• Sentence length 167

2. Sentence Types 172

• Significative words and phrases at the ends of sentences 174

• The subject and the topic words 176

• Expressions ending in nouns 179

3. Word and Phrase Arrangement 183

• The principle governing word order 183

• Languages with similar word order 185

• Freedom in Japanese word order 186

• Modifiers at the beginning 187

• Predicates at the end 189

4. Word and Phrase Combination 196

• Joining sentences 198

• Linking participial adjectives 201

• Flexibility of noun phrases 205

• Word modulation 210

5. Terse Expressions 214

• Omission of subjects and modifiers 214

• Ellipsis in the predicate 216

Postscript 219

We create Japanese 221

Supplementary Notes 222