| FIG. |
| 1. | Modern, Palæolithic, and chimpanzee skulls compared | 8 |
| 2. | Skull and brain of Pithecanthropus, the ape-man of Java | 9 |
| 3. | Three great types of flint implements | 11 |
| 4. | Evolution of the lance-point | 15 |
| 5. | Map—Type stations of Palæolithic cultures | 16 |
| 6. | Section—Terraces of the River Inn near Scharding | 25 |
| 7. | Section—Terraces of the River Rhine above Basle | 26 |
| 8. | Section—Terraces of the River Thames near London | 28 |
| 9. | Magdalenian loess station of Aggsbach in Lower Austria | 29 |
| 10. | Section of the site of the Neanderthal cave | 31 |
| 11. | Sections showing the formation of the typical limestone cavern | 32 |
| 12. | Map—Europe in the period of maximum continental elevation | 35 |
| 13. | Section showing snow-lines and sea-levels of the Glacial Epoch | 37 |
| 14. | Chronological chart—Great events of the Glacial Epoch | 41 |
| 15. | Zoogeographic map | 45 |
| 16. | The gibbon | 50 |
| 17. | The orang | 51 |
| 18. | The chimpanzee, walking | 52 |
| 19. | The chimpanzee, sitting | 53 |
| 20. | The gorilla | 55 |
| 21. | Median sections of the heads of a young gorilla and of a man | 56 |
| 22. | Side view of a human brain of high type | 57 |
| 23. | Outlines of typical human and prehuman brains (side view) | 58 |
| 24. | Outlines of typical human and prehuman brains (top view) | 59 |
| 25. | Map—Europe during the Second Glacial Stage | 65 |
| 26. | The musk-ox | 66 |
| 27. | The giant deer (Megaceros) | 68 |
| 28. | The sabre-tooth tiger (Machærodus) | 70 |
| 29. | Restoration of Pithecanthropus, the Java ape-man | 73 |
| 30. | Discovery site of Pithecanthropus | 74 |
| 31. | Section of the volcano of Lawoe and the valley of the Solo River | 75 |
| 32. | Map—Solo River and discovery site of Pithecanthropus | 75 |
| 33. | Section of the Pithecanthropus discovery site | 76 |
| 34. | Skull-top of Pithecanthropus, top and side views | 77 |
| 35. | Head of chimpanzee, front and side views | 78 |
| 36. | Restoration of Pithecanthropus skull, side view | 79 |
| 37. | Restoration of Pithecanthropus skull, three views | 80 |
| 38. | Pithecanthropus, the Java ape-man, side view | 81 |
| 39. | Pithecanthropus, the Java ape-man, front view | 82 |
| 40. | Side view of a human brain of high type | 83 |
| 41. | Outlines of human and prehuman brains, side and top views | 84 |
| 42. | The hippopotamus and the southern mammoth | 92 |
| 43. | Merck's rhinoceros and the straight-tusked elephant | 93 |
| 44. | Map—Geographic distribution of Merck's rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and the straight-tusked elephant | 94 |
| 45. | Section of the Heidelberg discovery site | 96 |
| 46. | The sand-pit at Mauer, discovery site of the Heidelberg man | 97 |
| 47. | The Heidelberg jaw | 98 |
| 48. | Jaws of an Eskimo, of an orang, and of Heidelberg (side view) | 99 |
| 49. | Jaws of an Eskimo, of an orang, and of Heidelberg (top view) | 100 |
| 50. | Restoration of Heidelberg man | 101 |
| 51. | Map—Europe during the Third Glacial Stage | 105 |
| 52. | Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial Epoch | 108 |
| 53. | Map—Pre-Chellean and Chellean stations | 109 |
| 54. | Map—Europe during the Third Glacial Stage | 110 |
| 55. | Excavation at Chelles-sur-Marne | 111 |
| 56. | Map—Western Europe during the Third Interglacial Stage | 116 |
| 57. | Three terraces on the Connecticut River | 120 |
| 58. | Four forms of the Chellean coup de poing | 121 |
| 59. | Section—Terraces on the Somme at St. Acheul | 122 |
| 60. | Very primitive palæoliths from Piltdown | 127 |
| 61. | Pre-Chellean coups de poing from St. Acheul | 128 |
| 62. | Pre-Chellean grattoir or planing tool from St. Acheul | 129 |
| 63. | Discovery site of the Piltdown skull | 131 |
| 64. | Section of the Piltdown discovery site | 133 |
| 65. | Primitive worked flint found near the Piltdown skull | 134 |
| 66. | Eoliths found in or near the Piltdown site | 135 |
| 67. | Piltdown skull and skull of South African Bushman | 136 |
| 68. | Restoration of the Piltdown skull, three views | 137 |
| 69. | Section of the Piltdown skull, showing the brain | 140 |
| 70. | Brain outlines of the Piltdown man, of a chimpanzee, and of modern man, compared | 140 |
| 71. | The Piltdown man, side view | 142 |
| 72. | The Piltdown man, front view | 143 |
| 73. | Map—Pre-Chellean and Chellean stations | 149 |
| 74. | Section—Middle and high terraces on the Somme at St. Acheul | 150 |
| 75. | Excavation on the high terrace at St. Acheul | 151 |
| 76. | Small Chellean implements | 153 |
| 77. | Map—Palæolithic stations of Germany | 160 |
| 78. | Entrance to the grotto of Castillo | 163 |
| 79. | Section—archæologic layers of the grotto of Castillo | 164 |
| 80. | Map—Acheulean stations | 167 |
| 81. | Late Acheulean station of La Micoque in Dordogne | 168 |
| 82. | Method of 'flaking' flint | 169 |
| 83. | Method of 'chipping' flint | 170 |
| 84. | The fracture of flint | 171 |
| 85. | Large Acheulean implements | 173 |
| 86. | Map—Valleys of the Dordogne and the Garonne | 175 |
| 87. | The valley of the Vézère | 176 |
| 88. | Acheulean implements, large and small | 178 |
| 89. | A Levallois flake | 179 |
| 90. | The grotto of Krapina | 181 |
| 91. | Section Valley of the Krapinica River and grotto of Krapina | 182 |
| 92. | Section—The grotto of Krapina | 183 |
| 93. | Skull from Krapina, side view | 184 |
| 94. | Map—Europe during the Fourth Glacial Stage | 189 |
| 95. | The woolly rhinoceros and the woolly mammoth | 190 |
| 96. | Typical tundra fauna | 193 |
| 97. | Map—Palæolithic stations of Germany | 195 |
| 98. | The type station of Le Moustier | 197 |
| 99. | Excavations at Le Moustier | 198 |
| 100. | The Mousterian cavern of Wildkirchli | 200 |
| 101. | Entrance to the grotto of Sirgenstein | 201 |
| 102. | The woolly mammoth and his hunters | 208 |
| 103. | The woolly rhinoceros | 210 |
| 104. | Map—Distribution of Pre-Neanderthaloids and Neanderthaloids | 214 |
| 105. | The Gibraltar skull, front view | 215 |
| 106. | Section of the Neanderthal discovery site | 216 |
| 107. | The Neanderthal skull, side view | 217 |
| 108. | The skull known as Spy I, side view | 220 |
| 109. | Discovery site of La Chapelle-aux-Saints | 222 |
| 110. | Entrance to the grotto of La Chapelle-aux-Saints | 223 |
| 111. | The skull from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, three views | 224 |
| 112. | Human teeth of Neanderthaloid type from La Cotte de St. Brelade | 225 |
| 113. | Skulls of a chimpanzee, of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and of a modern Frenchman, side view | 227 |
| 114. | Outlines of the Gibraltar skull and of a modern Australian skull | 228 |
| 115. | Skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints compared with one of high modern type, side view | 230 |
| 116. | Skulls of a chimpanzee, of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and of a modern Frenchman, top view | 231 |
| 117. | Diagram comparing eleven races of fossil and living men | 233 |
| 118. | Section of the skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, showing the brain | 235 |
| 119. | Brain outlines of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, of a chimpanzee, and of modern man, compared | 235 |
| 120. | Brains of Lower and Upper Palæolithic races, top and side views | 236 |
| 121. | Skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints | 238 |
| 122. | Thigh-bones of the Trinil, Neanderthal, Crô-Magnon, and modern races | 240 |
| 123. | The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, side view | 242 |
| 124. | The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, front view | 243 |
| 125. | Map—Mousterian stations | 245 |
| 126. | The Mousterian cave of Hornos de la Peña | 246 |
| 127. | Outlook from the cave of Hornos de la Peña | 247 |
| 128. | Typical Mousterian 'points' from Le Moustier | 250 |
| 129. | Mousterian 'points' and scrapers | 251 |
| 130. | Late Mousterian implements | 255 |
| 131. | Entrance to the Grotte du Prince near Mentone | 262 |
| 132. | Section of the Grotte des Enfants | 265 |
| 133. | The Grimaldi skeletons | 267 |
| 134. | Skull of the Grimaldi youth, front and side views | 268 |
| 135. | Map—Distribution of Upper Palæolithic human fossils | 279 |
| 136. | Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial Epoch | 280 |
| 137. | 'Tectiforms' from Font-de-Gaume | 283 |
| 138. | Map—Distribution of the reindeer, mammoth, and woolly rhinoceros | 285 |
| 139. | Section of the grotto of Aurignac | 290 |
| 140. | Section of the grotto of Crô-Magnon | 291 |
| 141. | Skull of Crô-Magnon type from the Grotte des Enfants | 292 |
| 142. | Head showing the method of restoration used by J. H. McGregor | 293 |
| 143. | The rock shelter of Laugerie Haute, Dordogne | 296 |
| 144. | Skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and skeleton of Crô-Magnon type from the Grotte des Enfants, compared | 297 |
| 145. | Sections of normal and platycnæmic tibias | 298 |
| 146. | The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon,' side view | 300 |
| 147. | The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon,' front view | 301 |
| 148. | Brain outlines of Combe-Capelle, of a chimpanzee, and of modern man, compared | 303 |
| 149. | Evolution of the burin, early Aurignacian to late Solutrean | 307 |
| 150. | Typical Aurignacian grattoirs, or scrapers | 309 |
| 151. | Evolution of the Aurignacian 'point' | 311 |
| 152. | Prototypes of the Solutrean 'laurel-leaf point' | 312 |
| 153. | Map—Aurignacian stations | 314 |
| 154. | Outlook from the cavern of Pindal | 315 |
| 155. | Mammoth painted in the cavern of Pindal | 316 |
| 156. | Primitive paintings of animals from Font-de-Gaume | 318 |
| 157. | Woolly rhinoceros painted in the cavern of Font-de-Gaume | 319 |
| 158. | Carved female figurine from the Grottes de Grimaldi | 321 |
| 159. | Female figurine in limestone from Willendorf | 322 |
| 160. | Female figurine in soapstone from the Grottes de Grimaldi | 323 |
| 161. | Superposed engravings of rhinoceros and mammoth from Le Trilobite | 324 |
| 162. | Silhouettes of hands from Gargas | 325 |
| 163. | The rock shelter of Laussel on the Beune | 326 |
| 164. | Section of the industrial layers at Laussel | 327 |
| 165. | Bas-relief of a woman from Laussel | 328 |
| 166. | Bas-relief of a man from Laussel | 329 |
| 167. | Map—Solutrean stations | 331 |
| 168. | The skull known as Brünn I, discovered at Brünn, Moravia | 335 |
| 169. | Solutrean 'laurel-leaf points' | 339 |
| 170. | The type station of Solutré | 342 |
| 171. | Excavations at Solutré | 343 |
| 172. | Typical Solutrean implements | 346 |
| 173. | Mammoth sculptured on ivory, from Předmost, Moravia | 349 |
| 174. | Engraved and painted bison from Niaux | 353 |
| 175. | Decorated sagaies or javelin points of bone | 354 |
| 176. | Horse's head engraved on a fragment of bone, from Brassempouy | 355 |
| 177. | Painting of a wolf, from Font-de-Gaume | 356 |
| 178. | Crude sculpture of the ibex, from Mas d'Azil | 357 |
| 179. | Decorated bâtons de commandement | 359 |
| 180. | Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial epoch | 362 |
| 181. | Engraved and painted reindeer from Font-de-Gaume | 365 |
| 182. | Four types of horse frequent in Upper Palæolithic times | 367 |
| 183. | Horse of Celtic type, painted on the ceiling of Altamira | 368 |
| 184. | Four chamois heads engraved on reindeer horn, from Gourdan | 369 |
| 185. | Typical alpine fauna | 371 |
| 186. | Typical steppe fauna | 374 |
| 187. | Ptarmigan or grouse carved in bone, from Mas d'Azil | 375 |
| 188. | The rock shelter of Laugerie Basse, Dordogne | 377 |
| 189. | Human skull-tops cut into bowls, from Placard | 379 |
| 190. | Male and female skulls of Crô-Magnon type, from Obercassel | 381 |
| 191. | The type station of La Madeleine | 383 |
| 192. | Magdalenian flint implements | 386 |
| 193. | Magdalenian bone harpoons | 387 |
| 194. | Magdalenian flint blades with denticulated edge | 390 |
| 195. | Bone needles from Lacave | 391 |
| 196. | Map—Palæolithic art stations of Dordogne, the Pyrenees, and the Cantabrian Mountains | 394 |
| 197. | Primitive engravings of the mammoth from Combarelles | 397 |
| 198. | Preliminary engraving of painted mammoth from Font-de-Gaume | 397 |
| 199. | Charging mammoth engraved on ivory, from La Madeleine | 398 |
| 200. | Human grotesques from Marsoulas, Altamira, and Combarelles | 399 |
| 201. | Entrance to the cavern of Combarelles, Dordogne | 400 |
| 202. | Engraved cave-bear, from Combarelles | 401 |
| 203. | Magdalenian stone lamp, from La Mouthe | 401 |
| 204. | Entrance to the cavern of La Pasiega | 402 |
| 205. | Engraved bison from Marsoulas | 403 |
| 206. | Herd of horses engraved on a slab of stone, from Chaffaud | 404 |
| 207. | Herd of reindeer engraved on an eagle radius, from La Mairie | 405 |
| 208. | Reindeer and salmon engraved on an antler, from Lorthet | 406 |
| 209. | Engraved lioness and horses, from Font-de-Gaume | 407 |
| 210. | Painted horse of Celtic type, from Castillo | 408 |
| 211. | Galloping horse of steppe type, from Font-de-Gaume | 408 |
| 212. | Entrance to the cavern of Niaux | 409 |
| 213. | Engraved horse with heavy winter coat, from Niaux | 410 |
| 214. | Professor Emile Cartailhac at the entrance of Le Portel | 411 |
| 215. | Engraved horse and reindeer, from La Mairie | 412 |
| 216. | Engraved reindeer, cave-bear, and two horses, from La Mairie | 413 |
| 217. | Engraved wild cattle, from La Mairie | 413 |
| 218. | Preliminary etched outline of bison from Font-de-Gaume | 414 |
| 219. | Entrance to the cavern of Font-de-Gaume | 415 |
| 220. | Map of the cavern of Font-de-Gaume | 416 |
| 221. | Narrow passage known as the 'Rubicon,' Font-de-Gaume | 417 |
| 222. | Plan showing reindeer and procession of bison, Font-de-Gaume | 419 |
| 223. | Plan showing preliminary engraving and painting of the procession of mammoths, superposed on drawings of bison, reindeer, and horses | 420 |
| 224. | Example of superposition of paintings, from Font-de-Gaume | 421 |
| 225. | Entrance to the cavern of Altamira | 422 |
| 226. | Plan of paintings on the ceiling of Altamira | 423 |
| 227. | The ceiling of Altamira | 424 |
| 228. | Painting of female bison lying down, from Altamira | 425 |
| 229. | Royal stag engraved on the ceiling of Altamira | 426 |
| 230. | Statuette of a mammoth carved in reindeer horn, from Bruniquel | 427 |
| 231. | Entrance to the cavern of Tuc d'Audoubert | 428 |
| 232. | Engraved head of a reindeer from Tuc d'Audoubert | 429 |
| 233. | Two bison, male and female, modelled in clay, from Tuc d'Audoubert | 430 |
| 234. | Horse carved in high relief, from Cap Blanc | 431 |
| 235. | Horse head carved on a reindeer antler, from Mas d'Azil | 432 |
| 236. | Statuette of horse carved in ivory, from Les Espelugues | 432 |
| 237. | Woman's head carved in ivory, from Brassempouy | 433 |
| 238. | Map—Magdalenian stations | 435 |
| 239. | Necklace of marine shells, from Crô-Magnon | 437 |
| 240. | Map—Palæolithic stations of Germany | 439 |
| 241. | Reindeer engraved around a piece of reindeer antler, from Kesslerloch | 441 |
| 242. | Entrance to the grotto of Kesslerloch | 444 |
| 243. | The rock shelter of Schweizersbild | 445 |
| 244. | The open loess station of Aggsbach | 448 |
| 245. | Saiga antelope carved on a bone dart-thrower, from Mas d'Azil | 449 |
| 246. | Western entrance to the cavern of Mas d'Azil | 460 |
| 247. | Azilian harpoons of stag horn | 462 |
| 248. | Azilian galets coloriés, or painted pebbles | 464 |
| 249. | Tardenoisian flints | 467 |
| 250. | Map—Azilian-Tardenoisian stations | 471 |
| 251. | Azilian stone implements | 473 |
| 252. | Double-rowed Azilian harpoons of stag horn, from Oban | 474 |
| 253. | Section—Archæologic layers in the grotto of Ofnet | 476 |
| 254. | Burial nest of six skulls, from the grotto of Ofnet | 477 |
| 255. | Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skulls from Ofnet | 478 |
| 256. | Broad-headed skull of Grenelle | 482 |
| 257. | Entrance to the grotto of Furfooz on the Lesse | 482 |
| 258. | Section of the grotto of Furfooz | 483 |
| 259. | One of the type skulls of the Furfooz race | 483 |
| 260. | Restoration of the man of Grenelle | 484 |
| 261. | Implements and decorations from Maglemose | 487 |
| 262. | Ancestry of the Pre-Neolithic races | 491 |
| 263. | Stages in the manufacture of the Neolithic stone ax | 493 |
| 264. | Stone hatchet from Campigny | 494 |
| 265. | Stone pick from Campigny | 494 |
| 266. | Restoration of the Neolithic man of Spiennes | 495 |
| 267. | Stag hunt, painting from the rock shelter of Alpera | 497 |
| 268. | Map—Distribution of the types of recent man in western Europe | 499 |
