Читать книгу Artificial and Natural Flight - Hiram S. Maxim - Страница 4
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
ОглавлениеFIG. | PAGE | |
1. | Diagram showing the reduction of the projected horizontal area, | 2 |
2. | Professor Langley’s experiments, | 5 |
3. | Eagles balancing themselves on an ascending current of air, | 14 |
4. | Air currents observed in Mid-Atlantic, | 16 |
5. | Glassy streaks in the Bay of Antibes, | 17 |
6. | Air currents observed in the Mediterranean, | 18 |
7. | The circulation of air produced by a difference in temperature, | 27 |
8. | Kite flying, | 29 |
9. | Group of screws and other objects used in my experiments, | 32 |
10. | Some of the principal screws experimented with, | 32 |
11. | The three best screws, | 33 |
12. | Apparatus for testing the thrust of screws, | 34 |
13. | Apparatus for testing the direction of air currents, | 35 |
14. | The ends of screw blades, | 36 |
15. | The manner of building up the large screws, | 39 |
16. | A fabric-covered screw, | 40 |
17. | The hub and one of the blades of the screw on the Farman machine, | 42 |
18. | Section of screw blades having radial edges, | 43 |
19. | Form of the blade of a screw made of sheet metal, | 44 |
20. | New form of hub, | 45 |
21. | Small apparatus for testing fabrics for aeroplanes, | 50 |
22. | Apparatus for testing the lifting effect of aeroplanes and condensers, | 51 |
23. | Apparatus for testing aeroplanes, condensers, &c., | 52 |
24. | Cross-sections of bars of wood, | 53 |
25. | Sections of bars of wood, | 54 |
26. | A flat aeroplane placed at different angles, | 55 |
27. | Group of aeroplanes used in experimental research, | 56 |
28. | An 8-inch aeroplane which did very well, | 57 |
29. | Resistance due to placing objects in close proximity to each other, | 58 |
30. | Cross-section of condenser tube made in the form of Philipps’ sustainers, | 60 |
31. | The grouping of condenser tubes made in the form of Philipps’ sustainers, | 61 |
32. | Machine with a rotating arm, | 63 |
33. | A screw and fabric-covered aeroplane in position for testing, | 64 |
34. | The rotating arm of the machine with a screw and aeroplane attached, | 65 |
35. | The little steam engine used by me in my rotating arm experiments, | 66 |
36. | The machine attached to the end of the rotating shaft, | 68 |
37. | Marking off the dynamometer, | 69 |
37a. | Right- and left-hand four-blade screws, | 70 |
38. | Apparatus for indicating the force and velocity of the wind direct, | 71 |
39. | Apparatus for testing the lifting effect of aeroplanes, | 73 |
40. | Front elevation of proposed aeroplane machine, | 77 |
41. | Side elevation of proposed aeroplane machine, | 78 |
42. | Plan of proposed aeroplane machine, | 79 |
43. | Plan of a hélicoptère machine, | 82 |
44. | Showing the position of the blades of a hélicoptère as they pass around a circle, | 83 |
45. | System of splicing and building up wooden members, | 86 |
46. | Cross-section of struts, | 86 |
47. | Truss suitable for use with flying machines, | 87 |
48. | The paradox aeroplane, | 88 |
49. | The Antoinette motor, | 89 |
50. | Section showing the Antoinette motor as used in the Farman and De la Grange machines, | 90 |
51. | Pneumatic buffer, | 91 |
52. | Gyroscope, | 94 |
53. | Adjusting the lifting effect, | 95 |
54. | Showing that the machine could be tilted in either direction by changing the position of the rudder, | 96 |
55. | Adjusting the lifting effect, | 97 |
56. | Adjustment of the rudders, | 98 |
57. | Diagram showing the evolution of a wide aeroplane, | 102 |
58. | In a recently published mathematical treatise on aerodynamics an illustration is shown, representing the path that the air takes on encountering a rapidly moving curved aeroplane, | 104 |
59. | An illustration from another scientific publication also on the dynamics of flight, | 104 |
60. | Another illustration from the same work, | 105 |
61. | The shape and the practical angle of an aeroplane, | 105 |
62. | An aeroplane of great thickness, | 106 |
63. | Section of a screw blade having a rib on the back, | 106 |
64. | Shows a flat aeroplane placed at an angle of 45°, | 107 |
65. | The aeroplane here shown is a mathematical paradox, | 107 |
66. | This shows fig. 65 with a section removed, | 107 |
67. | Diagram showing real path of a bird, | 108 |
68. | The De la Grange machine on the ground, | 111 |
69. | The De la Grange machine in full flight, | 111 |
70. | Farman’s machine in flight, | 112 |
71. | Bleriot’s machine, | 113 |
72. | Santos Dumont’s flying machine, | 113 |
72a. | Angles and degrees compared, | 115 |
72b. | Diagram showing direction of the air with a thick curved aeroplane, | 118 |
72c. | Aeroplanes experimented with by Mr. Horatio Philipps, | 118 |
73. | The enormous balloon “Ville de Paris,” | 123 |
74. | Photograph of a model of my machine, | 130 |
75. | The fabric-covered aeroplane experimented with, | 131 |
76. | The forward rudder of my large machine showing the fabric attached to the lower side, | 131 |
77. | View of the track used in my experiments, | 134 |
78. | The machine on the track tied up to the dynamometer, | 135 |
79. | Two dynagraphs, | 136 |
80. | The outrigger wheel that gave out and caused an accident with the machine, | 137 |
81. | Shows the broken planks and the wreck that they caused, | 138 |
82. | The condition of the machine after the accident, | 139 |
83. | This shows the screws damaged by the broken planks, | 140 |
84. | This shows a form of outrigger wheels which were ultimately used, | 141 |
85. | One pair of my compound engines, | 142 |
86. | Diagram showing the path that the air has to take in passing between superposed aeroplanes in close proximity to each other, | 144 |
87. | Position of narrow aeroplanes arranged so that the air has free passage between them, | 145 |
88. | The very narrow aeroplanes or sustainers employed by Mr. Philipps, | 146 |
89. | One of the large screws being hoisted into position, | 149 |
90. | Steam boiler employed in my experiments, | 157 |
91. | The burner employed in my steam experiments, | 157 |
92. | Count Zeppelin’s aluminium-covered airship coming out of its shed on Lake Constance, | 161 |
93. | Count Zeppelin’s airship in full flight, | 161 |
94. | The new British war balloon “Dirigible” No. 2, | 162 |
95. | The Wright aeroplane in full flight, | 162 |
ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL FLIGHT.