Читать книгу Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants - Houshang Karimi - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Energy conversion cycle.Figure 1.2 Various solar power plant categories.Figure 1.3 Various applications of solar thermal energy: (a) Parabolic plant...Figure 1.4 Schematic diagram of a grid‐connected PV plant.Figure 1.5 Schematic diagram of a stand‐alone PV plant.Figure 1.6 Schematic diagram of a direct‐coupled PV plant.Figure 1.7 Schematic diagram of a hybrid‐connected PV plant.Figure 1.8 Schematic diagram of a grid energy storage PV plant.Figure 1.9 Different types of PV plants based on their installation location...Figure 1.10 Classification of power plants in terms of their mounted places....Figure 1.11 Classification of power plants in terms of size.Figure 1.12 Average module efficiency, 2010–2020.Figure 1.13 Utility‐scale and commercial inverter prices, 2010–2020.Figure 1.14 PV modules prices, 2015–2020.Figure 1.15 Global solar PV and coal‐fired installed capacity by scenario, 2...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The main steps for designing an LS‐PVPP.Figure 2.2 The main components needed for realization of an LS‐PVPP.Figure 2.3 Classification of solar cells based on the primary active materia...Figure 2.4 Types of solar inverters.Figure 2.5 Characteristic vectors in a one‐axis tracker.Figure 2.6 Types of one‐axis solar tracking systems.Figure 2.7 Two‐axis solar tracking system.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Feasibility study topics.Figure 3.2 Five lands with different geometric shapes near the town of Twent...Figure 3.3 The topography map of a 200 000‐ha area.Figure 3.4 Satellite image of seasonal floods.Figure 3.5 Initial site plan of the solar power plant at a selected site.Figure 3.6 Important input parameters for financial modeling.Figure 3.7 The results of a financial model of an example of PV power plant....Figure 3.8 A plot showing break‐even point.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Block diagram representation of grid connection study report.Figure 4.2 Single‐line diagram of a hypothetical electrical grid and the inf...Figure 4.3 Single‐line diagram of a hypothetical PV power plant and the info...Figure 4.4 The complete electrical network and PV plant diagrams in DIgSILEN...Figure 4.5 The results of load flow studies before the PV plant connection....Figure 4.6 The results of load flow studies after the PV plant connection.Figure 4.7 Contingency (N − 1) studies before the PV plant connection.Figure 4.8 Contingency (N − 1) studies after the PV plant connection.Figure 4.9 Results of three‐phase short circuit studies for the power grid b...Figure 4.10 Results of three‐phase short circuit studies for the power grid ...Figure 4.11 The results of harmonics studies related to the connection of a ...Figure 4.12 Power curve before connecting the PV to the PCC.Figure 4.13 Power curve after connecting the PV to the PCC.Figure 4.14 The network losses before connecting the PV to the PCC.Figure 4.15 The network losses after connecting the PV to the PCC.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Reference extraterrestrial spectrum (ASTM E‐490‐06) and 5800 K bl...Figure 5.2 The earth's orbit around the sun and the position of the earth's ...Figure 5.3 Scattering of the direct‐beam photons by the atmosphere: variatio...Figure 5.4 Solar radiation components resulting from interactions with the a...Figure 5.5 Geometric representation of DHI and DNI.Figure 5.6 The worldwide spatial distributions of GHI [5].Figure 5.7 The worldwide spatial distributions of DNI captured by [5].Figure 5.8 Automatic solar tracker.Figure 5.9 Irradiation H_G arriving at an angle of incidence relative to a ho...Figure 5.10 Illustration of the solar angles: (a) altitude angle, α; (b) azi...Figure 5.11 Erbs model for the diffuse.Figure 5.12 Polar contour plot of annual tilted irradiation for different ti...Figure 5.13 Sun path charts for Farmington.Figure 5.14 Fixed ground‐mounted PV array and its shading.Figure 5.15 Fixed PV array.Figure 5.16 Single‐axis tracking PV system.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of LS‐PVPP engineering documents.Figure 6.2 Documents of different parts of basic design.Figure 6.3 MDL structure.Figure 6.4 An example of a Gantt chart schedule.Figure 6.5 An example of a plot plan.Figure 6.6 Terminologies commonly used in submitted version of engineering d...Figure 6.7 A flowchart of the proposed roadmap for optimal design of PV plan...Figure 6.8 General information.Figure 6.9 Collecting information by site visit.Figure 6.10 The methodology of solar PV mounting structure selection.Figure 6.11 The typical image of the dynamic hill shading analysis.Figure 6.12 Important criteria and indicators for optimizing PV plant.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Design methodology of DC equipment of a PV plant.Figure 7.2 Single‐line diagram of DC side of a PV plant.Figure 7.3 The criteria and steps for selecting the PV modules.Figure 7.4 The criteria and steps for selecting the solar inverter.Figure 7.5 Various inverter topologies.Figure 7.6 A schematic drawing of the VCI configuration.Figure 7.7 The I‐V curve and P‐V curve for a PV module for a given irradiati...Figure 7.8 The effect of irradiation intensity and temperature on the I‐V cu...Figure 7.9 The I‐V curve of PV modules connected in series to create a strin...Figure 7.10 The inverter voltage range with the string I‐V curve at differen...Figure 7.11 Maximum number of PV modules in series algorithm [15]. (P _{m, STC} Figure 7.12 Two different scenarios for partitioning a PV plant.Figure 7.13 Technical specifications and methodology of DC cables selection....Figure 7.14 DC combiner box.Figure 7.15 The procedure of fuse selection.Figure 7.16 Minimum rated current for string fuses according to the IEC and ...Figure 7.17 Derating factor for different ambient temperatures.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 An overview of various sources of energy losses in a PV plant.Figure 8.2 Schematic diagram of reflections and transmissions that contribut...Figure 8.3 Angular transmittance for a particular example of a c‐Si module....Figure 8.4 Accumulation of sand particle on PV panels.Figure 8.5 The three types of pollutants used in the experiment.Figure 8.6 Efficiency differences between the clean and the polluted pair pa...Figure 8.7 Different categories of shading losses.Figure 8.8 Sample of a horizon line.Figure 8.9 Different PV power generators considered in the study. (a) Single...Figure 8.10 Static random and dynamic shading scenarios.Figure 8.11 I. P–V curves of the PV generators during different static rando...Figure 8.12 The numbers of the PV modules shaded by wire pole.Figure 8.13 I–V curves and P–V curves of the five shaded PV modules. (a) I–V...Figure 8.14 The I–V and P–V characteristics of the module before and after t...Figure 8.15 The I–V and P–V characteristics of the module before and after t...Figure 8.16 High temporal variability of solar irradiance caused by moving c...Figure 8.17 The electrical connections for the studied PV array configuratio...Figure 8.18 Relative mismatch losses of the east‐west‐oriented SP, TCT, and ...Figure 8.19 Various paths for the leakage current from cells to the grounded...Figure 8.20 Manufacturing mismatch losses at different working conditions....Figure 8.21 PV module performance during its life time.Figure 8.22 Efficiency curve of various solar inverters.Figure 8.23 Typical power duration curve of 100 kWp PV installation.Figure 8.24 General algorithm of hybrid methods.Figure 8.25 Increasing module load with different tilt angles for Ideematec'...Figure 8.26 Example of changing the wiring strings to reduce DC cable losses...Figure 8.27 Aux consumption of plant in broad view ranging from 1 to 20 MW [...Figure 8.28 Aux consumption of plant in broad view ranging from 1 to 20 MW....Figure 8.29 Classification of failures according to the involved technology....Figure 8.30 Distribution of the registered failures in each of the PV plants...Figure 8.31 Average number of failures per kW for the different defined grou...Figure 8.32 Reparation time per failure for different PV plant components....Figure 8.33 The procedure for predicting the energy yield of a PV plant [37]...Figure 8.34 Flowchart showing how to model GPI from measured GHI [37].Figure 8.35 Estimation of DNI using Erbs decomposition model on a cloudy day...Figure 8.36 Monthly mean bias error (% difference) between measured and mode...