Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance
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Ian Peate. Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance
Preface
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
How to use your revision guide and the companion website. Features contained within your revision guide
Part 1 Foundations. Chapters
1 Anatomical terms
Anatomical position
Anatomical terms
Directional terms
Planes
Body cavities
2 Genetics and genomics
DNA and RNA
Mitosis, meiosis and fertilisation
Mitosis
Meiosis
Fertilisation
Clinical practice point
3 Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Feedback mechanisms
Receptor
Control centre
Effector
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Clinical practice point
4 Fluid compartments
Body water
Location of body fluids
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Maintaining fluid balance
Body fluid movement
Clinical practice point
5 Cells and organelles
Components of a cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Clinical practice point
6 Transport systems
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Clinical practice point
7 Blood
Functions. Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Blood components
Formed elements of blood
Blood plasma
Development of blood cells
Clinical practice point
8 Inflammation and immunity
Immunity
Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Natural and artificially acquired immunity
Inflammation
Clinical practice point
9 Tissues
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Clinical practice point
Part 2 The nervous system. Chapters
10 The brain and nerves
The brain
The meninges
The cerebrospinal fluid
The neuron
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Cranial nerves
Clinical practice point
11 The structures of the brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Limbic system
Ventricles of the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
Clinical practice point
12 The spinal cord
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Spinal cord sections
Functions of the spinal cord
Reflex actions
Spinal nerves
Clinical practice point
13 The blood supply
Circle of Willis
Function of the circle of Willis
The blood–brain barrier
Function of the blood–brain barrier
Clinical practice point
14 The autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Functions
Parasympathetic nervous system
Functions
Autonomic control by the CNS
Autonomic reflexes
Clinical practice point
15 The peripheral nervous system
Peripheral nervous system connections
Sensory division
Somatic
Visceral
Motor division
Clinical practice point
Part 3 The heart and vascular system. Chapters
16 The heart
Walls of the heart. Pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Chambers of the heart
Valves of the heart
Blood vessels of the heart
Clinical practice point
17 Blood flow through the heart
Blood flow
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
Coronary veins
Clinical practice point
18 The conducting system
Cardiac conduction
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
The cardiac cycle
First diastole phase
First systole phase
Second diastole phase
Second systole phase
Clinical practice point
19 Nerve supply to the heart
The autonomic nervous system
Chemical regulation
Hormones
Ions
Baroreceptors
Cardioinhibitory centre
Vasomotor centre
Other factors in heart regulation
Body temperature
Body fluid level
Clinical practice point
20 The structure of the blood vessels
The blood vessels
Structure of the blood vessels
The arteries
The veins
The capillaries
Clinical practice point
21 The blood pressure
What is blood pressure?
Physiological factors
The control of blood pressure
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Circulating hormones
Renin‐angiotensin system
Hypothalamus
Taking a blood pressure measurement
Clinical practice point
22 The lymphatic circulation
Functions of the lymphatic system
The lymphatic system
Lymph
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic organs
Spleen
Thymus gland
Clinical practice point
Part 4 The respiratory system. Chapters
23 The respiratory tract
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and bronchioles
The lungs
Blood supply
Clinical practice point
24 Pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
Inspiration
Exhalation
Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation. Surface tension of alveolar fluid
Airway resistance
Compliance of the lungs
Lung volumes
Clinical practice point
25 Control of breathing
Medullary rhythmic area
Pneumotaxic area
Apneustic area
Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Inflation reflex
Other influences on respiration. Limbic system
Temperature
Pain
Irritation of the airways
Clinical practice point
26 Gas exchange
External respiration
Exchange of gases in the lungs
Fick’s Law
Internal respiration
Factors affecting pulmonary and systemic gas exchange. Partial pressure difference of gases
Surface area available for gas exchange
Diffusion difference
Solubility of gases
Transport of gases
Clinical practice point
Part 5 The gastrointestinal tract. Chapters
27 The upper gastrointestinal tract
The mouth (the oral cavity)
Lips and cheeks
The tongue
Palate
Salivary glands
Oesophagus
Swallowing (deglutition)
Stomach
Clinical practice point
28 The lower gastrointestinal tract
The small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
The large intestine (the colon)
Clinical practice point
29 The liver, gall bladder and biliary tree
The liver
Segments of the liver
Ligaments of the liver
Blood supply
Functions of the liver
The gall bladder
The function of bile
Biliary tract
Clinical practice point
30 The pancreas and spleen
The pancreas
The composition of pancreatic juice
The functions of pancreatic juice
The spleen
Functions of the spleen
Clinical practice point
31 Digestion
Mechanical digestion
Mastication
Peristalsis
Chemical digestion
Protease
Collagenase
Lipase
Amylase
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Digestion and absorption. Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
Vitamins
Water
Clinical practice point
Part 6 The urinary system. Chapters
32 The kidney (microscopic)
Nephrons
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts
Clinical practice point
33 The kidney (macroscopic)
The kidney
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Blood supply
Nerve supply
Clinical practice point
34 The ureters, bladder and urethra
The ureters
The abdominal ureter
The pelvic ureter
Blood supply
The urinary bladder
Layers of the bladder
Vessels and nerves
The urethra
The male urethra
The female urethra
Clinical practice point
35 The formation of urine
Filtration
Selective reabsorption
Secretion
Hormonal control
Antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Clinical practice point
Part 7 The male reproductive system. Chapters
36 The external male genitalia
The testes
Spermatogenesis
The penis
The epididymis
Vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and spermatic cord
Clinical practice point
37 The prostate gland
Zones of the prostate gland. Peripheral zone
Transition zone
Central zone
Surfaces of the prostate gland
Base
Apex
Anterior, inferolateral and posterior surfaces
Function of the prostate gland. Prostatic fluid
Some structures around the prostate gland
Prostate specific antigen
Clinical practice point
38 Spermatogenesis
Male sex hormones
Clinical practice point
Part 8 The female reproductive system. Chapters
39 The female internal reproductive organs
Internal female reproductive organs
Ovaries
Ovarian cortex
Graafian follicles
Corpus luteum
Ovarian medulla
Oogenesis
Female sex hormones
The uterus
The fallopian tubes
The vagina
The cervix
Clinical practice point
40 The external female genitalia
Mons veneris
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Urethra
Hymen
Blood supply. Arterial supply
Venous drainage
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply
Clinical practice point
41 The female breast
The female breast. Function
Structure
Lobules and ducts
Fat, ligaments and connective tissue
Nerve supply
Arteries and veins
Lymph nodes and lymph ducts
Breast development
Hormones and the breast
Clinical practice point
42 The menstrual cycle
The reproductive cycle
The pituitary gland
The follicular phase
The ovulatory phase
The luteal phase
The menstrual cycle
Clinical practice point
Part 9 The endocrine system. Chapters
43 The endocrine system
The endocrine glands
The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
The pineal gland
The anterior pituitary lobe
The posterior pituitary lobe
Clinical practice point
44 The thyroid and adrenal glands
The thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
The adrenal glands
Hormones of the adrenal cortex
Hormones of the adrenal medulla
Clinical practice point
45 The pancreas and gonads
The pancreas
The exocrine pancreas
The endocrine pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
The gonads
The ovaries
The testes
Other endocrine glands
Clinical practice point
Part 10 The musculoskeletal system. Chapters
46 Bone structure
Bone
Bone remodelling and modelling
Ossification
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
The skeleton
Clinical practice point
47 Bone types
The skeleton
Skeletal divisions
The axial skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
Bone types
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Clinical practice point
48 Joints
Joints
Movements
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Hinge
Pivot
Ball and socket
Condyloid
Saddle
Gliding
Fixed joints
Clinical practice point
49 Muscles
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Properties of muscle tissue
Clinical practice point
Part 11 The skin. Chapters
50 The skin
The layers of the skin. The epidermis
The dermis
The subcutaneous tissues
Clinical practice point
51 The skin appendages
The dermal appendages. The hair
The nails
The glands
The sebaceous glands
The sudoriferous glands
The ceruminous glands
Clinical practice point
52 Epithelialisation
Wounds
How wounds heal
Types of wound healing. Primary closure
Secondary closure
Delayed primary closure
Wound closure
Clinical practice point
53 Granulation
Granulation tissue
Tissue repair
Overgranulation
Clinical practice point
Part 12 The senses. Chapters
54 Sight
Vision
The orbit
Eyelids, lashes, eyebrows
The lacrimal apparatus
The sclera
The cornea
The aqueous humour
The iris
The lens and ciliary muscle
The retina
Visual system pathways to the brain
The visual cortex
Clinical practice point
55 Hearing
The ear
The outer (external) ear
The middle ear
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Auditory tube
The inner ear
The vestibule
The semicircular canals
The cochlea
Blood supply to the inner ear
The organ of Corti
Clinical practice point
56 Olfaction
Physiology of olfaction
Olfactory nerve and cribriform plate
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Clinical practice point
57 Gustation
The tongue
Anatomy and physiology
Taste bud anatomy
Clinical Practice Point
Appendix 1: Normal physiological values
Full blood count
Coagulation
Haematinics
Biochemistry
Endocrinology
Other biochemistry tests
Tumour markers
Immunology
Lumbar puncture results
Appendix 2: Prefixes and suffixes
Appendix 3: Glossary
Further reading
Index
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Second Edition
Ian Peate, OBE FRCN
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It is important to understand and use anatomical terminology when making a description of body parts so there is a shared method of communicating (a common language) with nurses, doctors and other healthcare staff. This is done in order to accurately describe anatomical locations irrespective of their language. Knowing about anatomical terms makes things safer and clearer and will save time.
Anatomical terms (using a specific vocabulary) describe the directions within the body and also the body’s reference planes, cavities and regions (Figure 1.2). There are a number of occasions when a nurse or other healthcare worker is required to record information in nursing or medical notes with the intention of communicating with others or telling others the exact body part or location. Standard terms for describing human anatomy including the body and its organs are required to do this.
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