Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance

Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance
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Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance The market-leading at a Glance series is popular among healthcare students and newly qualified practitioners for its concise, simple approach and excellent illustrations. Each bite-sized chapter is covered in a double-page spread with clear, easy-to-follow diagrams, supported by succinct explanatory text. Covering a wide range of topics, books in the at a Glance series are ideal as introductory texts for teaching, learning and revision, and are useful throughout university and beyond. Everything you need to know about anatomy and physiology … at a Glance! An ideal introduction and revision guide for anatomy and physiology As part of the popular At a Glance series, Anatomy & Physiology for Nursing & Healthcare Students provides a wonderful introduction to the topic and is written with the student nurse in mind. This is also a useful reference guide for any healthcare professional looking for a quick refresher on the human body. The book strikes a balance between being succinct without being superficial, with concise writing that provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. Helping nurses develop practical skills and deliver increasingly complex care for patients through the study of how the body functions, readers will also find: A user-friendly approach that includes bite-size pieces of information and full-colour diagrams to help students retain, recall, and apply facts to their practice Clinical practice points that aim to encourage readers to relate to the theoretical concepts in practice New to the second edition: a chapter on anatomical terms and emphasising the importance of the correct anatomical terminology in communication between healthcare professionals Includes access to a companion website with self-assessment questions for each chapter This quick and easy-to-digest introduction to anatomy and physiology is the perfect textbook for nursing students in all fields of practice, allied healthcare students including paramedics and physiotherapists, and newly qualified nurses and nursing associates. It is also an ideal reference book for anyone looking for an overview of the human body. The book is also available in a range of digital formats which allows for easy access on the go. For more information on the complete range of Wiley nursing and health publishing, please visit: www.wiley.com To receive automatic updates on Wiley books and journals, join our email list. Sign up today at www.wiley.com/email All content reviewed by students for students Wiley nursing books are designed exactly for their intended audience. All of our books are developed in collaboration with students. This means that our books are always published with you, the student, in mind. If you would like to be one of our student reviewers, go to www.reviewnursingbooks.com to find out more. This new edition is also available as an e-book. For more details, please see www.wiley.com/buy/9781119757207

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Ian Peate. Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare Students at a Glance

Preface

Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

How to use your revision guide and the companion website. Features contained within your revision guide

Part 1 Foundations. Chapters

1 Anatomical terms

Anatomical position

Anatomical terms

Directional terms

Planes

Body cavities

2 Genetics and genomics

DNA and RNA

Mitosis, meiosis and fertilisation

Mitosis

Meiosis

Fertilisation

Clinical practice point

3 Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Feedback mechanisms

Receptor

Control centre

Effector

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Clinical practice point

4 Fluid compartments

Body water

Location of body fluids

Intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

Maintaining fluid balance

Body fluid movement

Clinical practice point

5 Cells and organelles

Components of a cell

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Clinical practice point

6 Transport systems

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Clinical practice point

7 Blood

Functions. Transportation

Regulation

Protection

Blood components

Formed elements of blood

Blood plasma

Development of blood cells

Clinical practice point

8 Inflammation and immunity

Immunity

Innate immunity

Acquired immunity

Natural and artificially acquired immunity

Inflammation

Clinical practice point

9 Tissues

Epithelial tissue

Nervous tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Clinical practice point

Part 2 The nervous system. Chapters

10 The brain and nerves

The brain

The meninges

The cerebrospinal fluid

The neuron

Axon

Dendrites

Cell body

Myelin sheath

Cranial nerves

Clinical practice point

11 The structures of the brain

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Limbic system

Ventricles of the brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

Clinical practice point

12 The spinal cord

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Spinal cord sections

Functions of the spinal cord

Reflex actions

Spinal nerves

Clinical practice point

13 The blood supply

Circle of Willis

Function of the circle of Willis

The blood–brain barrier

Function of the blood–brain barrier

Clinical practice point

14 The autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Functions

Parasympathetic nervous system

Functions

Autonomic control by the CNS

Autonomic reflexes

Clinical practice point

15 The peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system connections

Sensory division

Somatic

Visceral

Motor division

Clinical practice point

Part 3 The heart and vascular system. Chapters

16 The heart

Walls of the heart. Pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

Chambers of the heart

Valves of the heart

Blood vessels of the heart

Clinical practice point

17 Blood flow through the heart

Blood flow

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

Coronary circulation

Coronary arteries

Coronary veins

Clinical practice point

18 The conducting system

Cardiac conduction

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His

Left and right bundle branches

Purkinje fibres

The cardiac cycle

First diastole phase

First systole phase

Second diastole phase

Second systole phase

Clinical practice point

19 Nerve supply to the heart

The autonomic nervous system

Chemical regulation

Hormones

Ions

Baroreceptors

Cardioinhibitory centre

Vasomotor centre

Other factors in heart regulation

Body temperature

Body fluid level

Clinical practice point

20 The structure of the blood vessels

The blood vessels

Structure of the blood vessels

The arteries

The veins

The capillaries

Clinical practice point

21 The blood pressure

What is blood pressure?

Physiological factors

The control of blood pressure

Baroreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Circulating hormones

Renin‐angiotensin system

Hypothalamus

Taking a blood pressure measurement

Clinical practice point

22 The lymphatic circulation

Functions of the lymphatic system

The lymphatic system

Lymph

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic organs

Spleen

Thymus gland

Clinical practice point

Part 4 The respiratory system. Chapters

23 The respiratory tract

Upper respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi and bronchioles

The lungs

Blood supply

Clinical practice point

24 Pulmonary ventilation

Breathing

Inspiration

Exhalation

Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation. Surface tension of alveolar fluid

Airway resistance

Compliance of the lungs

Lung volumes

Clinical practice point

25 Control of breathing

Medullary rhythmic area

Pneumotaxic area

Apneustic area

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Inflation reflex

Other influences on respiration. Limbic system

Temperature

Pain

Irritation of the airways

Clinical practice point

26 Gas exchange

External respiration

Exchange of gases in the lungs

Fick’s Law

Internal respiration

Factors affecting pulmonary and systemic gas exchange. Partial pressure difference of gases

Surface area available for gas exchange

Diffusion difference

Solubility of gases

Transport of gases

Clinical practice point

Part 5 The gastrointestinal tract. Chapters

27 The upper gastrointestinal tract

The mouth (the oral cavity)

Lips and cheeks

The tongue

Palate

Salivary glands

Oesophagus

Swallowing (deglutition)

Stomach

Clinical practice point

28 The lower gastrointestinal tract

The small intestine

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

The large intestine (the colon)

Clinical practice point

29 The liver, gall bladder and biliary tree

The liver

Segments of the liver

Ligaments of the liver

Blood supply

Functions of the liver

The gall bladder

The function of bile

Biliary tract

Clinical practice point

30 The pancreas and spleen

The pancreas

The composition of pancreatic juice

The functions of pancreatic juice

The spleen

Functions of the spleen

Clinical practice point

31 Digestion

Mechanical digestion

Mastication

Peristalsis

Chemical digestion

Protease

Collagenase

Lipase

Amylase

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Digestion and absorption. Carbohydrate

Protein

Fat

Vitamins

Water

Clinical practice point

Part 6 The urinary system. Chapters

32 The kidney (microscopic)

Nephrons

Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting ducts

Clinical practice point

33 The kidney (macroscopic)

The kidney

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Blood supply

Nerve supply

Clinical practice point

34 The ureters, bladder and urethra

The ureters

The abdominal ureter

The pelvic ureter

Blood supply

The urinary bladder

Layers of the bladder

Vessels and nerves

The urethra

The male urethra

The female urethra

Clinical practice point

35 The formation of urine

Filtration

Selective reabsorption

Secretion

Hormonal control

Antidiuretic hormone

Angiotensin

Aldosterone

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Clinical practice point

Part 7 The male reproductive system. Chapters

36 The external male genitalia

The testes

Spermatogenesis

The penis

The epididymis

Vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and spermatic cord

Clinical practice point

37 The prostate gland

Zones of the prostate gland. Peripheral zone

Transition zone

Central zone

Surfaces of the prostate gland

Base

Apex

Anterior, inferolateral and posterior surfaces

Function of the prostate gland. Prostatic fluid

Some structures around the prostate gland

Prostate specific antigen

Clinical practice point

38 Spermatogenesis

Male sex hormones

Clinical practice point

Part 8 The female reproductive system. Chapters

39 The female internal reproductive organs

Internal female reproductive organs

Ovaries

Ovarian cortex

Graafian follicles

Corpus luteum

Ovarian medulla

Oogenesis

Female sex hormones

The uterus

The fallopian tubes

The vagina

The cervix

Clinical practice point

40 The external female genitalia

Mons veneris

Labia majora

Labia minora

Clitoris

Urethra

Hymen

Blood supply. Arterial supply

Venous drainage

Lymphatic drainage

Nerve supply

Clinical practice point

41 The female breast

The female breast. Function

Structure

Lobules and ducts

Fat, ligaments and connective tissue

Nerve supply

Arteries and veins

Lymph nodes and lymph ducts

Breast development

Hormones and the breast

Clinical practice point

42 The menstrual cycle

The reproductive cycle

The pituitary gland

The follicular phase

The ovulatory phase

The luteal phase

The menstrual cycle

Clinical practice point

Part 9 The endocrine system. Chapters

43 The endocrine system

The endocrine glands

The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

The pineal gland

The anterior pituitary lobe

The posterior pituitary lobe

Clinical practice point

44 The thyroid and adrenal glands

The thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

The adrenal glands

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

Clinical practice point

45 The pancreas and gonads

The pancreas

The exocrine pancreas

The endocrine pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

The gonads

The ovaries

The testes

Other endocrine glands

Clinical practice point

Part 10 The musculoskeletal system. Chapters

46 Bone structure

Bone

Bone remodelling and modelling

Ossification

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

The skeleton

Clinical practice point

47 Bone types

The skeleton

Skeletal divisions

The axial skeleton

The appendicular skeleton

Bone types

Long bones

Short bones

Flat bones

Irregular bones

Sesamoid bones

Clinical practice point

48 Joints

Joints

Movements

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints

Hinge

Pivot

Ball and socket

Condyloid

Saddle

Gliding

Fixed joints

Clinical practice point

49 Muscles

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Properties of muscle tissue

Clinical practice point

Part 11 The skin. Chapters

50 The skin

The layers of the skin. The epidermis

The dermis

The subcutaneous tissues

Clinical practice point

51 The skin appendages

The dermal appendages. The hair

The nails

The glands

The sebaceous glands

The sudoriferous glands

The ceruminous glands

Clinical practice point

52 Epithelialisation

Wounds

How wounds heal

Types of wound healing. Primary closure

Secondary closure

Delayed primary closure

Wound closure

Clinical practice point

53 Granulation

Granulation tissue

Tissue repair

Overgranulation

Clinical practice point

Part 12 The senses. Chapters

54 Sight

Vision

The orbit

Eyelids, lashes, eyebrows

The lacrimal apparatus

The sclera

The cornea

The aqueous humour

The iris

The lens and ciliary muscle

The retina

Visual system pathways to the brain

The visual cortex

Clinical practice point

55 Hearing

The ear

The outer (external) ear

The middle ear

Tympanic membrane

Ossicles

Auditory tube

The inner ear

The vestibule

The semicircular canals

The cochlea

Blood supply to the inner ear

The organ of Corti

Clinical practice point

56 Olfaction

Physiology of olfaction

Olfactory nerve and cribriform plate

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Clinical practice point

57 Gustation

The tongue

Anatomy and physiology

Taste bud anatomy

Clinical Practice Point

Appendix 1: Normal physiological values

Full blood count

Coagulation

Haematinics

Biochemistry

Endocrinology

Other biochemistry tests

Tumour markers

Immunology

Lumbar puncture results

Appendix 2: Prefixes and suffixes

Appendix 3: Glossary

Further reading

Index

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Second Edition

Ian Peate, OBE FRCN

.....

It is important to understand and use anatomical terminology when making a description of body parts so there is a shared method of communicating (a common language) with nurses, doctors and other healthcare staff. This is done in order to accurately describe anatomical locations irrespective of their language. Knowing about anatomical terms makes things safer and clearer and will save time.

Anatomical terms (using a specific vocabulary) describe the directions within the body and also the body’s reference planes, cavities and regions (Figure 1.2). There are a number of occasions when a nurse or other healthcare worker is required to record information in nursing or medical notes with the intention of communicating with others or telling others the exact body part or location. Standard terms for describing human anatomy including the body and its organs are required to do this.

.....

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