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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is considered as one of the world's major oilseeds and one of the most ancient crops cultivate by humans (Wan et al. 2015). The origin of sesame has been a matter of discussion for more than a century, but it is now widely accepted that domestication occurred on the Indian subcontinent (Bedigian 2010a). Sesame seeds were a major oilseed in the ancient world mainly because of their stability, resistance to drought, and their high oil content. Currently, sesame is grown in varied environments from semiarid tropics and subtropics to temperate regions. World area harvested with sesame in 2017 was calculated as 9.98 Mha, most of it in African and Asian countries (Figure 1.1). During the last decades, world production of sesame seeds has increased steadily Total world production of sesame seed in 2018 was estimated to be 5.53 Mt, most of it being cultivated in Asia (39.7%) and Africa (56.9%). Top five sesame seed producers during 2018 were the United Republic of Tanzania, Myanmar, India, Nigeria, and Sudan, with an estimated production of 805.7, 764.3, 751.0, 550.0, and 550.0 kt respectively. On average, 70% of the worlds' sesame seeds are consumed within producer countries, leaving an approximately 30% excess for global trade (Bedigian 2010b). Major sesame seed exporters during 2016 were Ethiopia, India, Sudan, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso with approximately 382.0, 325.9, 258.54, 172.8, and 159.8 kt respectively. Approximately 65% of the sesame seeds harvested are dedicated for oil production while only 35% are consumed as a food ingredient (Wan et al. 2015). Global sesame oil production was estimated to be 1.63 Mt in 2014. Major sesame oil producers in 2014 were the United Republic of Tanzania, Myanmar, China, India, and Japan with an annual production of 544.3, 318.0, 234.0, 108.0, and 45.44 kt respectively. The top five sesame oil exporters during 2016 were Mexico, Ghana, India, and Japan. In turn, major sesame oil importers were the US, the UK, Australia, Taiwan, and Vietnam with approximately 16.39, 3.52, 3.24, 3.18, and 3.08 kt imported during 2016 respectively.

Figure 1.4 Rapeseed oil: Production and trade. Abbreviations: CR, Czech Republic; US, United States of America.

Source: Data accessed on April 8, 2019 from FAOSTAT, available at http://www.fao.org/faostat.