Читать книгу The Evolution of Modern Capitalism: A Study of Machine Production - J. A. Hobson - Страница 16

	Cotton Imported. lbs.		Inventions &c.
1730	1,545,472	1730	Wyatt's roller-spinning (patented 1738).
		1738	Kay's fly-shuttle.
1741	1,645,031	1748	Paul's carding-machine (useless until improved by Lees, Arkwright, Wood, 1772–74).
1764	3,870,392	1764	Hargreave's spinning-jenny (patented 1770), for weft only.
		1764	Calico-printing introduced into Lancashire.
		1768	Arkwright perfects Wyatt's spinning-frame (patented 1769), liberating cotton from dependence on linen warp.
1771 to 1775	4,764,589	1771	Arkwright's mill built at Cromford.
		1775	Arkwright takes patents for carding, drawing, roving, spinning.
		1779	Crompton's mule completed (combining jenny and water-frame, producing finer and more even yarn).
1781	5,198,775
1785	18,400,384	1785	Cartwright's power-loom. Watt and Boulton's first engine for cotton-mills.
1792	34,907,497	1792	Whitney's saw-gin.
1813	51,000,000	1813	Horrocks' dressing-machine.
1813	51,000,000	1813	Horrocks' dressing-machine.
1830	261,200,000	1830	The "Throstle" (almost exclusively used in England for spinning warp).
1832	287,800,000	1832	Roberts' self-acting mule perfected.
1841	489,900,000	1841	Bullough's improved power-loom. Ring spinning (largely used in U.S.A., recently introduced into Lancashire).

From this schedule it is evident that the history of this trade may be divided with tolerable accuracy into four periods.

(1) The preparatory period of experimental inventions of Wyatt, Paul, etc., to the year 1770.

(2) 1770 to 1792 (circa), the age of the great mechanical inventions.

(3) 1792 to 1830, the application of steam power to manufacture and improvements of the great inventions.

(4) 1830 onward, the effect of steam locomotion upon the industry (1830, the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railway).

If we measure the operation of these several industrial forces within these several periods, as they are reflected on the growing size of the cotton industry, we shall realise the accumulative character of the great industrial movement, and form some approximately accurate conception of the relative importance of the development of mechanical inventions and of the new motor-power.

§ 7. The history of the cotton industry is in its main outlines also the history of other textile industries. We do not possess the same means of measuring statistically the growth of the woollen industries in the period of revolution; but since, on the one hand, many of the spinning and weaving inventions were speedily adapted into the woollen from the cotton industry, while the application of steam to manufacture and the effects of steam locomotion were shared by the older manufacture, the growth of the trade in the main conforms to the same divisions of time. The figures of imported wool are not so valuable a register as in the case of cotton, because no account is taken of home-produce, but the following statistics of foreign and colonial wool imported into England serve to throw light upon the growth of our woollen manufactures.