| | | Page |
| INTRODUCTION. |
| |
| Systematic History of Infidelity, | 2–3 |
| Best Method of refuting Rationalism, | 3–4 |
| Rationalism not an unmixed Evil, | 4–6 |
| Definitions of Rationalism: |
| | Wegscheider, | 8 |
| | Stäudlin, | 11 |
| | Hahn, | 12 |
| | Rose, | 13 |
| | Bretschneider, | 14 |
| | McCaul, | 16 |
| | Saintes, | 19 |
| | Lecky, | 22 |
| Classes of Rationalists, | 24–26 |
| Causes of the success of Rationalism, | 26–32 |
| Four Considerations in Reference to Rationalism, | 32–35 |
| |
| CHAPTER I. |
| CONTROVERSIAL PERIOD SUCCEEDING THE REFORMATION. |
| |
| Causes of the Controversial Spirit, | 38 |
| The Controversies described, | 39, 40 |
| George Calixtus, | 40–45 |
| Jacob Boehme, | 46–49 |
| John Arndt, | 49–51 |
| John Gerhard, | 51–53 |
| John Valentine Andreä, | 53–55 |
| |
| CHAPTER II. |
| RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF THE PROTESTANT CHURCH AT THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA. |
| |
| Description of the Thirty Years' War, | 56–59 |
| Religious Decline of the Church, | 59–61 |
| Neglect of Children, | 62–65 |
| Defects of Theological Literature, | 66–68 |
| Low State of Theological Instruction, | 68, 69 |
| Imperfect Preaching of the Time, | 69–73 |
| Immorality of the Clergy and Theological Professors, | 73–77 |
| Religious Indifference of the Upper Classes, | 77–80 |
| |
| CHAPTER III. |
| PIETISM AND ITS MISSION. |
| |
| Philosophy of the Period, | 82 |
| Improvement dependent on Individuals, | 84, 85 |
| What Pietism proposed to do, | 85–88 |
| Principles of Pietism, | 88, 89 |
| Philip Jacob Spener, the Founder of Pietism, | 89–93 |
| University of Halle, | 93 |
| Augustus Hermann Francke, | 93–95 |
| The Orphan House at Halle, | 95–97 |
| Influence of the University of Halle, | 97, 98 |
| Arnold and Thomasius, | 98, 99 |
| New Generation of Professors in Halle, | 99, 100 |
| Cause of the Decline of Pietism, | 102 |
| |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| THE POPULAR PHILOSOPHY OF WOLFF.—SKEPTICAL TENDENCIES FROM ABROAD. |
| |
| Leibnitz, Founder of the Wolffian Philosophy, | 103, 104 |
| Wolff and the Popular Philosophy, | 104–111 |
| The School of Wolff, | 111 |
| Töllner, | 112 |
| English Deism in Germany, | 113–117 |
| English Deism in France | 117, 118 |
| Voltaire and Frederic the Great, | 119–123 |
| Frederic's Regret at Skepticism in Prussia, | 123, 124 |
| |
| CHAPTER V. |
| SEMLER AND THE DESTRUCTIVE SCHOOL.—1750–1810. |
| |
| Influence of Foreign Skepticism on the German Church, | 125, 126 |
| Semler and the Accommodation-Theory, | 126–131 |
| Semler's Private Life, | 135–137 |
| Influence of Semler's destructive Criticism, | 137, 138 |
| Edelmann, | 138, 139 |
| Bahrdt—his Writings, and depraved Character, | 139–143 |
| |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| CONTRIBUTIONS OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY. |
| |
| Prevalence of Semler's Opinions, | 144, 145 |
| Mental Activity of the Times, | 145 |
| Adherents to the Accommodation-Theory, | 147, 148 |
| Literary Agencies: |
| | Nicolai's Universal German Library, | 147, 148 |
| | Rationalistic Spirit in Berlin, | 148 |
| | Wolfenbüttel Fragments, | 149–156 |
| Philosophical Agencies: |
| | Kant and his System, | 156–162 |
| | Service rendered by Kant, | 162 |
| | Jacobi, | 162, 163 |
| | Fichte, | 163 |
| | Schelling, | 164 |
| | Hegel, | 164, 165 |
| | Grouping of the Philosophical Schools, | 165–167 |
| |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| THE REIGN OF THE WEIMAR CIRCLE.—REVOLUTION IN EDUCATION AND HYMNOLOGY. |
| |
| Harmony of the prevalent philosophical Systems, | 169 |
| Karl August of Weimar and his literary Circle, | 169–171 |
| John Gottfried Herder, | 171–179 |
| Schiller, | 179–182 |
| Goethe, | 182, 183 |
| Deleterious Change in Education, | 184 |
| Basedow, and his Philanthropium, | 184–187 |
| Campe and Salzmann, | 187, 188 |
| Rationalistic Elementary Books, | 189–193 |
| Alteration of the German Hymns, | 194, 195 |
| Decline of Church Music, | 195 |
| Inability of Orthodox Theologians to resist Rationalism, | 195, 196 |
| |
| CHAPTER VIII. |
| DOCTRINES OF RATIONALISM IN THE DAY OF ITS STRENGTH. |
| |
| Desolate Condition of the Church, | 197, 198 |
| Rationalism without a Common System, | 198, 199 |
| Opinions of the Rationalists: |
| | Religion, | 199 |
| | Existence of God, | 199, 200 |
| | Doctrine of Inspiration, | 200–202 |
| | Credibility of the Scriptures, | 203–206 |
| | Fall of Man, | 206, 207 |
| | Miracles, | 207–211 |
| | Prophecy, | 211–214 |
| | Person of Christ, | 214–218 |
| |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| RENOVATION INAUGURATED BY SCHLEIERMACHER. |
| |
| Protestant Germany at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century, | 220–222 |
| Fichte, and his Popular Appeal, | 222–224 |
| Schleiermacher, | 224–229 |
| The Romantic School, | 230 |
| Ecclesiastical Reconstruction inaugurated by Frederic William III., | 230, 231 |
| The Union of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, | 231, 232 |
| Claus Harms—his 95 Theses, | 232–236 |
| |
| CHAPTER X. |
| RELATIONS OF RATIONALISM AND SUPERNATURALISM.—1810–1835. |
| |
| The Task before the New Church, | 237 |
| Rationalism strengthened by Röhr and Wegscheider, | 238 |
| The terms, Rationalism and Supernaturalism, | 239 |
| Tittmann, | 239, 240 |
| Tzschirner, | 240 |
| Schott, | 241 |
| Schleiermacher's System of Doctrines, | 241–244 |
| Effect of Schleiermacher's Teaching, | 245, 246 |
| De Wette, | 246–249 |
| Neander, | 249–253 |
| His personal Appearance, | 253–254 |
| |
| CHAPTER XI. |
| THE REACTION PRODUCED BY STRAUSS' LIFE OF JESUS.—1835–1848. |
| |
| Hyper-criticism of the Rationalists, | 255, 256 |
| Influence of Schleiermacher and Hegel, | 256, 257 |
| The threefold Division of the Hegelian School, | 257, 258 |
| David Frederic Strauss, and his Life of Jesus, | 258–269 |
| Replies to the Life of Jesus: |
| | Harless, | 271 |
| | Hoffman, | 271 |
| | Neander, | 272 |
| | Ullmann, | 273 |
| | Schweizer, | 273 |
| | Wilke, | 273 |
| | Schaller, | 273 |
| | Dorner, | 273, 274 |
| Literature occasioned by Strauss' Life of Jesus, | 274, 275 |
| Strauss' New Life of Jesus for the People, | 275–278 |
| The Tübingen School, conducted by Ferdinand Christian Baur, | 278–280 |
| The Influence of the French Revolution, | 280, 281 |
| Strauss' System of Doctrine, | 281, 282 |
| Feuerbach, | 282 |
| The Halle Year-Books, | 282, 283 |
| The "Friends of Light," | 283, 284 |
| The "Free Congregations," | 284, 285 |
| Rationalistic Leaders of the Revolution of 1848, | 285, 286 |
| Their Failure, and its Cause, | 286, 287 |
| |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| THE EVANGELICAL SCHOOL: ITS OPINIONS AND PRESENT PROSPECTS. |
| |
| The Mediation Theologians, or Evangelical School, grouped: |
| | Ullmann, | 288, 289 |
| | Dorner, | 289–292 |
| | Tholuck, | 292–295 |
| | Lange, | 295, 296 |
| | Twesten, | 297 |
| | Nitzsch, | 297–299 |
| | Rothe, | 299–303 |
| | Schenkel—his recent Adoption of Rationalism, | 303–305 |
| | Hengstenberg, | 305–307 |
| Theological Journals, | 307 |
| Improved Theological Instruction, | 307–310 |
| |
| CHAPTER XIII. |
| PRACTICAL MOVEMENTS INDICATING NEW LIFE. |
| |
| Charities of German Protestantism, | 311 |
| Relation of Philanthropy to Religious Life, | 312 |
| John Falk, | 312–316 |
| Theodore Fliedner, | 316–318 |
| Evangelical Church Diet, | 318–323 |
| Immanuel Wichern, | 324–329 |
| Louis Harms, | 329, 330 |
| The Gustavus Adolphus Union, | 330, 331 |
| |
| CHAPTER XIV. |
| HOLLAND: THEOLOGY AND RELIGION FROM THE SYNOD OF DORT TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. |
| |
| Former Political Influence of Holland, | 332, 333 |
| Rise of Rationalism in Holland, | 333 |
| Influence of the Synod of Dort, | 334 |
| Corruption of Ethics, | 335 |
| Low state of Homiletic Literature, | 335, 336 |
| Cocceius, | 336–339 |
| Vœtius, | 339, 340 |
| Controversy between the Cocceians and Vœtians, | 340–343 |
| Favorable Influence of the Huguenot Immigrants, | 343, 344 |
| Popular Acquaintance with Theology, | 345, 346 |
| Bekker, | 347, 348 |
| Roell, | 348, 349 |
| Van Os, | 349 |
| Influence of English Deism, | 350–353 |
| Influence of French Skepticism, | 353, 354 |
| Napoleon Bonaparte's domination, | 354, 355 |
| |
| CHAPTER XV. |
| HOLLAND CONTINUED: THE NEW THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS, AND THE GREAT CONTROVERSY NOW PENDING BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND RATIONALISM. |
| |
| The Political Subjugation of Holland, | 356 |
| Inactivity of Orthodoxy, | 356, 357 |
| Rupture produced by the New Hymn-Book, | 357, 358 |
| The Revival and the Secession: |
| | Bilderdyk, Da Costa, Capadose, Groen Van Prinsterer, | 359–361 |
| | De Cock, the Leader of the Secession, | 362, 363 |
| | Failure of the Secession, | 363, 364 |
| The Groningen School: | 364 |
| | Its Characteristic, | 364 |
| | Hofstede de Groot, and Pareau, | 365, 366 |
| | Doctrines of the Groningens, | 366, 367 |
| The School of Leyden: | 367 |
| | Scholten, | 368–371 |
| The School of Empirical-Modern Theology: |
| | Opzoomer, | 371 |
| | Pierson, | 371–374 |
| | Doctrines of this School, | 374, 375 |
| The Ethical Irenical School: | 375 |
| | Chantepie de la Saussaye, | 375–377 |
| | Van Oosterzee, | 377–379 |
| The Present Crisis and its Causes, | 381–383 |
| Increase of Evangelizing Agencies, | 383–385 |
| |
| CHAPTER XVI. |
| FRANCE: RATIONALISM IN THE PROTESTANT CHURCH—THE CRITICAL SCHOOL. |
| |
| Present Activity of Religious Thought in France, | 386, 387 |
| Coldness of Orthodoxy at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century, | 387, 388 |
| Influence of Wesleyan Missionaries, | 388, 389 |
| Cartesianism and the Positive Philosophy, | 390 |
| Light French Literature, | 391 |
| The Critical School of Theology: | 391–394 |
| | Réville, | 394–396 |
| | Scherer, | 396–400 |
| | Larroque, | 400 |
| | Rougemont, | 400, 401 |
| | Colani | 401, 402 |
| | Pecaut, | 402, 403 |
| | Grotz, | 403 |
| | Renan, and his Life of Jesus, | 403–406 |
| | A. Coquerel, jr., | 406–409 |
| Influence of French Skepticism upon the Young, | 409, 410 |
| |
| CHAPTER XVII. |
| FRANCE CONTINUED: EVANGELICAL THEOLOGY OPPOSING RATIONALISM. |
| |
| Agencies Opposing Rationalism, | 411 |
| De Pressensé, | 411–416 |
| Guizot, | 416–419 |
| Success of the Evangelical School, | 419–421 |
| Improvement of the French Protestant Church, | 422, 423 |
| Charitable and Evangelizing Societies, | 423, 424 |
| |
| CHAPTER XVIII. |
| SWITZERLAND: ORTHODOXY IN GENEVA, AND THE NEW SPECULATIVE RATIONALISM IN ZÜRICH. |
| |
| Prostration of the Swiss Church at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century, | 425, 426 |
| Neglect of Theological Instruction, | 426, 427 |
| The Theological Academy in Geneva, | 428 |
| The Evangelical Dissenting Church, | 428 |
| Gaussen, | 428, 429 |
| Vinet, | 429 |
| Present Religious Condition of Geneva, | 429, 430 |
| Lectures in the Genevan Theological Academy, | 431, 432 |
| Religious Declension of Zürich, | 432 |
| Zürich the Centre of Swiss Rationalism: | 433–435 |
| The Speculative Rationalism: |
| | The Holy Scriptures, | 435 |
| | Christ, | 435–437 |
| | Sin, | 438 |
| | Faith, | 438, 439 |
| German Switzerland influenced by German Theology, | 439 |
| |
| CHAPTER XIX. |
| ENGLAND: THE SOIL PREPARED FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF RATIONALISM. |
| |
| English Deism and German Rationalism Contrasted, | 440 |
| Literature of England in the Eighteenth Century, | 440, 441 |
| The Writers of that Period, | 441 |
| Influence of the French Spirit, | 441, 442 |
| Bolingbroke, | 442, 443 |
| Hume, | 444–447 |
| Gibbon, | 447, 448 |
| The moral Prostration of the Church, | 448–450 |
| Influence of the Wesleyan Movement, | 450–452 |
| |
| CHAPTER XX. |
| ENGLAND CONTINUED: PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY RATIONALISM.—COLERIDGE AND CARLYLE. |
| |
| Compensations of History, | 453 |
| Rise of a Disposition in England to consult German Theology and Philosophy, | 453, 454 |
| Philosophical Rationalism: |
| | Samuel Taylor Coleridge, | 455–462 |
| | Julius Charles Hare, | 462–465 |
| | F. D. Maurice, | 465–468 |
| | Charles Kingsley, | 468–471 |
| Literary Rationalism: |
| | Influence of Philosophy on Literature, | 472 |
| | Thomas Carlyle, | 473–477 |
| | The Westminster Review, | 477–480 |
| Necessity of active Protestantism, | 480 |
| |
| CHAPTER XXI. |
| ENGLAND CONTINUED: CRITICAL RATIONALISM—JOWETT, THE ESSAYS AND REVIEWS, AND COLENSO. |
| |
| Relation of the Bible to Christianity, | 481 |
| Critical Rationalism: |
| | Professor Jowett, | 481 |
| | The "Essays and Reviews," | 482–497 |
| | Judicial Proceedings against the Writers of that Work, | 497–499 |
| | Criticism of Bishop Colenso, | 499–503 |
| | Judicial Proceedings against Colenso, | 503–505 |
| |
| CHAPTER XXII. |
| ENGLAND CONTINUED: SURVEY OF CHURCH PARTIES. |
| |
| Unity of the Church of England, | 507 |
| The Evangelical and Sacramentalist Parties, | 507 |
| The Low Church: |
