| RICHARD I. 1189-1199. |
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| 1189 | Persecution of the Jews, | 115 |
| | All Offices put up for sale, | 116 |
| 1190 | Richard starts for the Crusade, | 110 |
| | Leaving England to Longchamp, | 116 |
| | Richard quarrels with Philip in Sicily, | 117 |
| 1191 | He conquers Cyprus, | 118 |
| | Miserable condition of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, | 119 |
| 1187 | Jerusalem taken by Saladin, | 119 |
| 1189 | Acre besieged, | 119 |
| 1191 | Arrival of the Crusaders, | 119 |
| | Richard saves Acre, | 120 |
| | Philip goes home, | 120 |
| | Richard quarrels with Austria, | 120 |
| 1192 | Truce with Saladin, | 121 |
| 1191 | John’s Behaviour in England, | 121 |
| | Return of Philip, | 122 |
| | Need of Richard’s return, | 122 |
| 1192 | His imprisonment in Germany, | 122 |
| | John and Philip combine against him, | 122 |
| | England ransoms him, | 123 |
| 1194 | Richard’s return, John’s defeat, | 123 |
| | War with France, | 123 |
| 1199 | Richard’s death at Chaluz, | 124 |
| | Development of the Administrative System, | 124 |
| STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE NATION. |
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| JOHN. 1199-1216. |
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| 1199 | John secures the crown, | 126 |
| | His strong position, | 127 |
| 1200 | His danger from France, | 127 |
| | Peace with Philip, and marriage treaty, | 127 |
| | Marriage with Isabella de la Marche, | 128 |
| 1201 | Homage of Scotland, | 128 |
| | Outbreak in Poitou, | 128 |
| 1202 | John’s French Provinces forfeited, | 128 |
| 1203 | Death of Arthur, | 129 |
| 1205 | Loss of Normandy, | 129 |
| 1206 | Peace with Philip, | 129 |
| 1205 | Election of the Archbishop of Canterbury, | 130 |
| | Stephen Langton, | 131 |
| 1207 | Consecration at Viterbo, and John’s violence, | 131 |
| 1208 | Interdict and flight of Bishops, | 131 |
| 1209 | Excommunication, | 131 |
| 1210 | Attack on Scotland, Ireland and Wales, | 132 |
| | Disaffection of the Northern Barons, | 133 |
| | The King’s rapacity, | 133 |
| 1211 | European crisis, | 133 |
| | League with Northern Princes, | 133 |
| 1213 | John’s deposition, | 133 |
| | Surrender of the Crown to the Pope, | 134 |
| | John’s improved position, | 134 |
| 1214 | Renewed difficulties with Stephen Langton, | 135 |
| 1215 | John hopes to secure his position by victory in France, | 135 |
| 1214 | Battle of Bouvines, | 136 |
| 1215 | Insurrection in England on his return, | 136 |
| | Meeting at Brackley, | 136 |
| | Capture of London, | 137 |
| | Runnymede, | 137 |
| | Political position of England, | 137 |
| | Terms of Magna Charta, | 138 |
| | John attempts to break loose from it, | 139 |
| 1216 | Louis is summoned, | 139 |
| | John’s death, | 140 |
| HENRY III. 1216-1272. |
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| 1216 | Henry’s authority gradually established, | 141 |
| | Difficulties at his accession, | 142 |
| | Pembroke’s measures of conciliation, | 142 |
| 1217 | Fair of Lincoln, | 112 |
| | Louis leaves England, | 142 |
| | Renewal of the Charter, | 142 |
| 1218 | Papal attempt to govern by Legates, | 143 |
| | Pandulf’s government, | 143 |
| 1221 | His fall, | 143 |
| | Triumph of national party under Hubert de Burgh, | 143 |
| | Parties in England, | 144 |
| 1223 | Opposition Barons at Leicester, | 144 |
| | Resumption of royal castles, | 145 |
| 1224 | Destruction of Faukes de Breauté, | 145 |
| | Danger from France, | 145 |
| 1223 | Death of Philip, | 145 |
| 1226 | Death of Louis VIII., | 145 |
| | English neglect this opportunity, | 146 |
| | Poitou remains French, | 146 |
| 1227 | Hubert’s continued power, | 146 |
| | Langton supports his policy, | 146 |
| | Change of Popes—increased exactions, | 147 |
| 1228 | Death of Langton, | 147 |
| | Quarrel of Henry and De Burgh, | 147 |
| 1229 | Henry’s false foreign policy, | 147 |
| 1231 | Return of Des Roches, | 148 |
| 1232 | Twenge’s riots, | 148 |
| | Fall of De Burgh, | 148 |
| 1233 | Revolution under Des Roches, | 149 |
| | Earl of Pembroke upholds De Burgh, | 149 |
| 1234 | Edmund of Canterbury causes Des Roches’ fall, | 150 |
| 1235 | Henry becomes his own minister, | 151 |
| 1236 | Henry’s marriage, | 151 |
| 1237 | Influence of the Queen’s uncles, | 151 |
| 1238 | Formation of a national party under Simon de Montfort, | 152 |
| | Revival in the Church, | 152 |
| | Grostête, | 153 |
| 1243 | Loss of Poitou, | 153 |
| | Prince Richard joins the foreign party, | 154 |
| 1244 | Exactions in Church and State, | 154 |
| 1247 | Inroad of Poitevin favourites, | 155 |
| 1248 | Discontent of the Barons, | 155 |
| | Continued misgovernment, | 155 |
| 1249 | Tallages on the cities, | 155 |
| 1250 | Diversion of the Crusade, | 156 |
| | De Montfort’s government of Gascony, | 156 |
| | His quarrel with the King, | 156 |
| 1253 | By his aid Gascony is saved, | 156 |
| | The King’s money difficulties, | 157 |
| 1254 | The Pope offers Edmund the Kingdom of Sicily, | 157 |
| | Henry accepts it on ruinous terms, | 157 |
| 1256 | Consequent exactions, | 158 |
| 1257 | Terrible famine, | 158 |
| | Parliament at length roused to resistance, | 158 |
| | Parliament at Westminster, | 158 |
| 1258 | The “Mad Parliament,” | 159 |
| | Provisions of Oxford, | 159 |
| | Opposition to the surrender of Castles, | 160 |
| | Exile of aliens, | 160 |
| | Proclamation of the Provisions, | 160 |
| | Government of the Barons, | 160 |
| 1259 | Final treaty with France, | 161 |
| | Henry thinks of breaking the Provisions, | 161 |
| 1261 | The Pope’s absolution arrives, | 161 |
| | Quarrel between De Clare and De Montfort, | 161 |
| 1262 | Return of De Montfort, | 162 |
| 1263 | Outbreak of hostilities, | 162 |
| 1264 | The Award of Amiens fails, | 163 |
| | War—Battle of Lewes, | 163 |
| | The Mise of Lewes, | 163 |
| | Appointment of revolutionary government, | 163 |
| | The exiles assemble at Damme, | 164 |
| | De Montfort desires final settlement, | 164 |
| | Royalist movements on the Welsh Marches, | 164 |
| 1265 | Parliament assembles, | 165 |
| | Conditions of Prince Edward’s liberation, | 165 |
| | De Clare forsakes the Barons, | 166 |
| | He joins the Marchers, | 166 |
| | Escape of Edward, | 166 |
| | Leicester opposes Edward in Wales, | 166 |
| | Defeat at Kenilworth, | 166 |
| | Battle of Evesham, | 167 |
| 1266 | Dictum of Kenilworth, | 168 |
| 1267 | De Clare compels more moderate government, | 168 |
| | Constitutional end of the reign, | 168 |
| | Views of the people on the war, | 168 |
| SETTLEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION. |
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| EDWARD I. 1272-1307. |
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| 1272 | Edward’s accession and character, | 171 |
| | The first English King, | 172 |
| | His political views, | 173 |
| | His legal mind, | 173 |
| | His success, | 173 |
| | His enforced concessions, | 174 |
| 1275 | His first Parliament, | 174 |
| | Statute of Westminster, | 174 |
| | Establishment of Customs, | 174 |
| 1278 | Edward’s restorative measures, | 174 |
| | New coinage, | 175 |
| 1279 | Statute of Mortmain, | 175 |
| | Affairs in Wales, | 175 |
| 1275 | Llewellyn’s suspicious conduct, | 175 |
| 1277 | War breaks out, | 176 |
| | Llewellyn submits, and is mercifully treated, | 176 |
| 1282 | Second rising in Wales, | 176 |
| | Death of Llewellyn, | 176 |
| 1288 | Execution of David, | 176 |
| 1284 | Statute of Wales, | 177 |
| | Annexation of Wales, | 177 |
| 1282 | Foreign affairs call Edward abroad, | 177 |
| 1284 | The Sicilian Vespers, | 177 |
| 1286 | Edward acts as mediator between France and Aragon, | 178 |
| 1288 | His award is repudiated, | 178 |
| 1289 | Disturbances in England during his absence, | 178 |
| | He returns, punishes corrupt judges, banishes the Jews, | 179 |
| | Second period of the reign, | 179 |
| | Relations with Scotland, | 180 |
| 1290 | Extinction of the Scotch royal family, | 181 |
| | Proposed marriage of the Maid and Prince Edward, | 181 |
| | Invitation to Edward to settle the Succession, | 182 |
| | Death of the Maid, | 182 |
| 1291 | Meeting at Norham, | 182 |
| | Edward’s supremacy allowed, | 182 |
| | The claimants to the Scotch throne, | 182 |
| 1292 | Edward gives a just verdict, | 183 |
| | Balliol accepts the throne as a vassal, | 183 |
| 1293 | Scotland appeals therefore to the English Courts, | 183 |
| | The appeals not pressed to extremities, | 184 |
| | Quarrel with France, | 184 |
| | Edward is outwitted, Gascony occupied, | 184 |
| | Balliol in alliance with France, | 184 |
| 1295 | First True Parliament, | 183 |
| 1296 | Edward marches into Scotland, | 185 |
| | Defeat of the Scotch at Dunbar, | 185 |
| | Submission of Balliol and Scotland, | 186 |
| | Constitutional opposition of Clergy and Barons, | 186 |
| 1296 | Refusal of the Clergy to grant subsidies, | 186 |
| 1297 | The Clergy outlawed, | 187 |
| | The Barons refuse to assist Edward, | 187 |
| | Compromise with the Clergy, | 187 |
| | Edward secures an illegal grant, | 187 |
| | The Earls demand the confirmation of the Charters, | 188 |
| | They are granted with reservations, | 188 |
| | Scotch insurrection under Wallace, | 189 |
| 1299 | English Treaty with France, | 189 |
| | Edward invades Scotland, | 190 |
| | Defeats Wallace at Falkirk, | 190 |
| | Comyn’s Regency, | 190 |
| 1301 | Parliament of Lincoln, | 190 |
| | The Pope’s claims rejected, | 191 |
| 1303 | Third invasion and conquest of Scotland, | 191 |
| 1306 | Bruce murders Comyn and rebels, | 192 |
| | Preparations for a fourth invasion, | 192 |
| 1307 | Edward’s death near Carlisle, | 192 |
| | Constitutional importance of the reign, | 193 |
| RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE NATION AGAINST THE CROWN. |
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| EDWARD II. 1307-1327. |
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| 1307 | Edward’s friendship for Gaveston, | 198 |
| 1308 | The Barons demand his dismissal, | 198 |
| 1309 | Gaveston’s return, | 199 |
| | General discontent, | 199 |
| | Statute of Stamford, | 200 |
| 1310 | Appointment of the Lords Ordainers, | 200 |
| 1311 | Useless assault on Scotland, | 200 |
| | The Ordinances published, | 201 |
| | Policy of the Opposition, | 201 |
| | Gaveston banished, | 201 |
| 1312 | He reappears with the King, | 202 |
| | He is beheaded at Warwick, | 202 |
| 1314 | Renewal of the War with Scotland, | 203 |
| | Battle of Bannockburn, | 203 |
| | Edward refuses to treat, | 204 |
| | Consequent disasters, | 204 |
| 1315 | Wars in Wales and Ireland, | 204 |
| | Bruce’s invasion of Ireland, | 204 |
| 1316 | He is crowned King, | 205 |
| 1318 | He is killed at Dundalk, | 205 |
| 1316 | Distress in England, | 205 |
| | Lancaster temporary Minister, | 205 |
| | Power of the Despensers, | 205 |
| 1318 | Temporary reconciliation, | 206 |
| 1320 | Truce with Scotland, | 206 |
| | The Welsh Marchers quarrel with the Despensers, | 206 |
| | Edward supports his favourites, | 206 |
| 1321 | Hereford and Lancaster combine, | 206 |
| | The Despensers are banished, | 206 |
| | An insult to the Queen rouses the King to energy, | 207 |
| | Edward recalls the Despensers, | 207 |
| 1322 | Pacifies the Marches, | 207 |
| | Attacks Lancaster, | 207 |
| | Battle of Boroughbridge, | 207 |
| | Lancaster worshipped as a Saint, | 207 |
| | Triumph of the Despensers, | 208 |
| | Renewal of war with Scotland, | 208 |
| 1323 | Peace for thirteen years with Scotland, | 208 |
| | Dangers surrounding the King, | 208 |
| 1324 | Difficulties with France, | 209 |
| 1325 | The Queen and Prince in France, | 209 |
| 1326 | She lands in England, | 210 |
| | Her party gathers strength, | 210 |
| | The King is taken, | 210 |
| 1327 | The Prince of Wales made King, | 210 |
| | Murder of Edward, | 211 |
