Читать книгу History of Western Maryland - J. Thomas Scharf - Страница 4

The territory embraced within the limits of Carroll County was settled at an early period in the history of Maryland. The first settlers were Scotch-Irish, Germans, and the descendants of the English from Southern Maryland. The Indians, before the advent of the whites, had retired across the South Mountain into the Cumberland Valley. A remnant of the " Susquehannocks,'" numbering between sixty and seventy, lived within less than a mile of Manchester (then a part of Baltimore County) until 1750 or 1751, and were probably the last aborigines residing in the county. About that period, without any stir or apparent preparation, with the exception of two, they all disappeared in a single night. The exceptions were a chief named Macanappy and his wife, both old and infirm, and they survived the departure of their race but a few days. The similarity of names has given rise to the impression that this tribe found its way to Florida, and that Miconopy, the celebrated chief, who afterwards gave the United States so much trouble, was one of the descendants of the old Indian left to die near Manchester. In the Land Office at Annapolis patents are recorded for land grants in this portion of the State as early as 1727. In that year " Park Hall," a tract of land containing two thousand six hundred and eighty acres, was surveyed for James Carroll. This land .was then situated in Prince George's County, between New Windsor and Sam's Creek. In 1729 "Kilfadda" was granted to John Tredane, and subsequently sold to Allan Farquhar. It now embraces a part of the town of Union Bridge and the farm of E. J. Penrose. " Brierwood" was surveyed for Dr. Charles Carroll in 1731. " White's Level," on which the original town of Westminster was built, was granted to John White in 1733. " Fanny's Meadow," embracing the " West End" of the present town of Westminster, was granted to James Walls in 1741. "Fell's Retirement," lying on Pipe Creek, and containing 475 acres, was granted to Edward Fell in 1742. " Arnold's Chance," 600 acres, was granted to Arnold Levers in 1743. " Brown's Delight," 350 acres, situated on Cobb's Branch, near Westminster, was granted to George Brown in 1743. " Neighborly Kindness," 100 acres, to Charles Carroll in 1743. " Cornwell," 666 acres, on Little Pipe Creek was patented in 1749, and afterwards purchased by Joseph Haines and his brother. "Terra Rubra" was patented to Philip Key in 1752, for 1865 acres; "Ross' Range" to John Ross in 1752, for 3400 acres; " Spring Garden," on part of which Hempstead is built, to Dunstan Dane in 1748; " Brothers' Agreement," near Taneytown, to Edward Diggs and Raphael Taney in 1754, for 7900 acres; " Foster's Hunting Ground" to John Foster, 1439 acres; " German Church" to Jacob Schilling and others in 1758, for a German Reformed and Lutheran church at Manchester; "Five Daughters" to Carroll's daughter, 1759, for 1500 acres; "New Market,'' on which Manchester is built, to Richard Richards in 1754; " Rattlesnake Ridge" to Edward Richards in 1738; " Caledonia" to William Lux and others in 1764, for 11,638 acres; " Bond's Meadow" to John Ridgely in 1753, for 1915 acres (Westminster is partly situated on this tract); " Brother's Inheritance" to Michael Swope in 1761, for 3124 acres; " Ohio," north of Union Mills, to Samuel Owings in 1763, for 9250 acres; " New Bedford," near Middlebury, to Daniel McKenzie and John Logsden in 1762, for 5301 acres; " Gilboa" to Thomas Rutland, 1762, for 2772 acres; " Runnymeade," between Uniontown and Taneytown, to Francis Key and Upton Scott in 1767, for 3677 acres; " Hale's Venture" to Nicholas Hale in 1770, for 2886 acres; "Windsor Forest" to John Dorsey in 1772, for 2886 acres; " Rochester" to Charles Carroll of Carrollton in 1773, for 4706 acres; and " Lookabout," near Roop's mill, to Leigh Master in 1774, for 1443 acres.

Among the earliest settlers in this section of Maryland was William Farquhar, whose energy, thrift, and wisdom aided materially in the development of the country. His ancestors emigrated from Scotland to Ireland, where he was born July 29, 1705. When sixteen years of age he left Ireland with his father, Allen Farquhar, and settled in Pennsylvania. Allen Farquhar, as was mentioned above, acquired from John Tredane a large tract of land on Little Pipe Creek; but there is no evidence that he actually resided there. In 1735 he conveyed this tract, known as " Kilfadda," to his son William, one of the conditions of the gift being that he should remove from Pennsylvania to " ye" province of Maryland. In compliance with the terms of the deed, William Farquhar, with his wife Add, came to Maryland and entered into possession of his estate. The country was then a wilderness and destitute of roads, except such paths as were made by wild beasts and Indians, and no little intrepidity was required for such a journey, clogged with a helpless family. Farquhar had learned the trade of a tailor, and by his skill and industry in making buckskin breeches, the garments then most in vogue, he prospered. He invested his savings in land, and in 1768 he was the possessor of two thousand acres, in which was included ail the ground upon which the present town of Union Bridge is built. He was a counselor and peace-maker, and it is related of him that upon one occasion he rode home in the evening and found his house surrounded with emigrant-wagons belonging to settlers who had been driven from their homes by the Indians and had fled to him for protection. They had their stock and movable property with them, and were afraid to go back to their lands. Farquhar visited the Indians and soon pacified them, and the settlers returned to their homes and were never afterwards molested. Between the years 1730 and 1740 great advances were made in the settlement of what is now known as Carroll County. " The Marsh Creek settlement," in the western section of York County, Pa., including the region around Gettysburg, composed almost exclusively of Scotch-Irish, furnished a number of industrious and enterprising immigrants, and Hanover and Conewago, in the same county, settled entirely by Germans, provided a large contingent. The latter located principally in the Manchester and Myers Districts, where many of their descendants now live.

Many were attracted thither also from St. Mary's, Prince George's, Anne Arundel, and Baltimore Counties, on the Western Shore of Maryland. The dispute concerning the boundary line between the provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland was a fruitful source of trouble to those who possessed interests in the debatable ground. A strip of land six or eight miles wide was claimed both by the province of Pennsylvania and the proprietary of Maryland. John Digges obtained a Maryland grant of six thousand eight hundred acres in the vicinity of Hanover, and Charles Carroll procured a similar grant in the neighborhood of Fairfield or Millerstown, and the latter now goes by the name of the Carroll Tract. Hanover, at that time known as McAllisterstown, or Kallisterstown, was within the disputed territory, and became a refuge for disorderly characters, and hence was called " Rogues' Harbor."

This vexatious boundary question, which had agitated the two colonies since the arrival of William Penn in America in 1682, was decided, as we have shown elsewhere, in favor of the province of Pennsylvania in 1709 by Mason and Dixon, two surveyors sent out from London for that purpose, and Mason and Dixon's line has ever since remained the unquestioned boundary between the two commonwealths. The dispute having reached a definite conclusion, an impetus was given to development. Settlers multiplied, the country was cleared up, and convenient farm-buildings were erected. The inhabitants soon learned to appreciate the fine water-powers so abundant in this portion of Maryland, and in 1760 David Shriver, the grandfather of the older members of the family of that name now living in Western Maryland, purchased a tract of land on Little Pipe Creek and erected a mill and tannery. Mr. Shriver was a prominent and useful citizen. He represented Frederick County in the convention called in 1776 to frame a constitution for the State of Maryland, and for a number of years he was the representative of that county in the Senate and House of Delegates. In May, 1765, a bateau loaded with iron was successfully navigated from the Hampton furnace on Pipe Creek to the mouth of the Monocacy River, in Frederick County. There is no record of the establishment of this furnace, but that it must have been in operation for some time prior to the date given above is evident from the advertisement which appeared May 28, 1767, in which Benedict Calvert, Edward Digges, Normand Bruce, William Digges, Jr., and James Canady offer for sale the " Hampton Furnace, in Frederick County, together with upwards of three thousand acres of land. The furnace (with casting-bellows) and bridge-houses were built of stone, also grist-mill and two stores, the whole situated on a branch of Monocacy River."

The entire stock of negroes, servants, horses, wagons, and implements belonging to the works were offered for sale. There was on hand at the time coal for six months, fourteen hundred cords of wood, five hundred tons of ore at the side of the furnace and four hundred tons raised at the banks. The advertisement concludes with the announcement that Normand Bruce lived near the works.

Solomon Shepherd, grandfather of Thomas, Solomon, and James F. Shepherd, married Susanna Farquhar, the youngest child of William Farquhar, Oct. 27, 1779, and settled on a portion of the Farquhar estate, about three-quarters of a mile east of Union Bridge. Mr. Shepherd was a wool-comber and fuller, and established a fulling-mill where the factory now stands. For some time after the construction of his mill he was without a house of his own, and boarded with his father-in-law, at some distance down Pipe's Creek; and it is related of him that in walking back and forth along the banks of the stream from the mill to the house at night he was wont to burn the ends of a bunch of hickory sticks before he would set out on his hazardous journey, and when the wolves (which were savage and ravenous) approached too near he would whirl his firebrand about him to drive them away. He afterwards moved into a log house, which is still standing, and in 1790 built the brick house in which Shepherd Wood now resides. The latter was at that time considered a palatial extravagance, and the neighbors dubbed it " Solomon's Folly." In 1810 he built the present factory, and put in carding and spinning-machines and looms for the manufacture of cloths, blankets, and other fabrics. In 1815 he purchased land of Peter Benedune, and removed to the place now owned and occupied by E. G. Penrose, where he lived until his death in 1881:.

In 1783, David Rhinehart and Martin Wolfe walked from Lancaster County, Pa., to Sam's Creek, where they purchased a tract of land and soon afterwards settled on it. Wolfe was the grandfather of Joseph, Samuel, and Daniel Wolfe. He was somewhat eccentric after a very unusual fashion, and is said to have been unwilling to dispose of property for a price which he believed to exceed its real value. David Rhinehart was the grandfather of David, Daniel, William H., E. Thomas, J. C, and E. F. Rhinehart. William H. Rhinehart, the great American sculptor, received his first lessons on the farm now owned and occupied by Daniel Rhinehart, twelve miles southeast of Union Bridge.

Joel Wright, of Pennsylvania, married Elizabeth Farquhar, daughter of William Farquhar, and settled on a part of the land acquired by his father-in-law. He was a surveyor and school-teacher, and superintended a school under the care of Pipe Creek Monthly Meeting, at that time one of the best educational institutions in the State. His pupils came from all parts of the surrounding country, and many were sent to him from Frederick City and its vicinity. It was common in those days for ladies to make long journeys on horseback to attend religious meetings or to visit friends. Mrs. Wright traveled in this way to Brownsville, then called " Red Stone," in Pennsylvania, to attend meeting and to visit her relatives. She brought back with her, on her return, two small sugar-trees and planted them, and from these have sprung the many beautiful shade-trees of that species which adorn the vicinity of Union Bridge.

Francis Scott Key, whose name the " Star-Spangled Banner" has made immortal, was born at Terra Rubra, near the Monocacy, in what is now the Middleburg District of Carroll County, Aug. 9, 1780. In his day he was well known as an able lawyer and Christian gentleman, but with the lapse of time his reputation as a poet has overshadowed his n)any other excellent qualities.

Col. Joshua Gist was an early settler in the section of Maryland now embraced within the limits of Carroll County. He was an active partisan in the Revolutionary war, and during the administration of President John Adams, near the close of the last century, was marked in his disapproval of the riotous and insurrectionary proceedings of those opposed to the excise duty laid upon stills. The disturbance, known in history as the " Whisky Insurrection," became so formidable, especially in Western Pennsylvania, that Mr. Adams appointed Gen. Washington commander of the forces raised to suppress it. The excitement extended to this region, and the Whisky Boys in a band marched into Westminster and set up a liberty-pole. The inhabitants of the town becoming alarmed sent out for Col. Gist, who then commanded a militia regiment. The colonel, a very courageous man, mounted his horse, rode into town, drew his sword, and ordered the pole to be cut down, which was at once done, and placing his foot on it, he thus remained until it was hewn in pieces. The Boys, concluding discretion to be the better part of valor, stole out of town, and the incipient revolution was stayed by the coolness and judgment of a single individual. In 1748, Frederick County was created by the Colonial Legislature, and that portion of the present county of Carroll which had previously belonged to Prince George's was embraced within its limits, as was almost the whole of Western Maryland. Col. Gist and Henry Warfield were elected to the House of Delegates of Maryland towards the close of the eighteenth century, for the express purpose of securing a division of the county into election districts for the convenience of the inhabitants, who were at that time compelled to cross the Monocacy and go all the way to Frederick City to vote.

Joseph Elgar, in the latter part of the last century, established a factory at Union Bridge for the manufacture of wrought nails, — that is, the nails were so designated, but in reality they were cut from the bar of iron, lengthwise with the fiber of the bar, which gave them ductility and clinching qualities equivalent to wrought nails. Elgar subsequently removed to Washington and entered the service of the United States, where his genius was duly appreciated. About the year 1809, Jacob R. Thomas, a neighbor of Elgar, conceived the idea that the very hard' labor of cutting grain in the harvest-field could be done by machinery driven by horse-power. Prior to this time, and for some years afterwards, the old system of cradling grain was the only process generally known for harvesting, and the reaping-machine may be truthfully said to have been invented by him. Thomas worked at his machine with great assiduity, and added to it an automatic attachment to gather the cut grain into sheaves, it being substantially the self-raker of the present day. During the harvest in the summer of 1811 his machine was so far perfected as to admit of a trial. It had not been furnished with a tongue and other appurtenances for attaching horses, and was therefore pushed into the harvest-field and over the grain by a sufficient number of men. Thomas Shepherd, recently deceased, and William Shepherd, his brother, and father of Thomas F. Shepherd and Solomon Shepherd, and Rudolph Stern, father of Reuben W. Stern, of Westminster, were three of the men who aided in the trial, and their testimony is unanimous that it cut the grain well and perfectly, but that its delivery was defective and did not make a good sheaf. There is no evidence on record as to the manner in which the gathering attachment was constructed, whether it was like or unlike any of the automatic rakes of the present day, but the cutting apparatus was the same in principle as those now in use on the best reapers, mowing in the same shears-like manner, which has been universally approved and adopted as the best method of cutting grain, and differing only in the manner of attaching the knives to the sickle-bar. In modern machines the knives are short and broad and riveted fast to the sickle-bar, while in Thomas' machine the knives were longer and pivoted in the middle, and attached to the sickle-bar by a pivot at the rear end. Thomas was extremely sensitive, and unable to bear up against and overcome the incredulity and ridicule consequent upon the partial failure of the machine, and it was never finished by him. He afterwards built a factory for the manufacture of flax into linen, but it did not prove remunerative. He subsequently removed to Baltimore, where he kept the Globe Inn, on Market Street, and then to Frederick City, where he kept the City Hotel, and afterwards to Point of Rocks, on the Potomac River, where at the time of his death he was engaged in the construction of a steam canalboat invented by himself. Obed Hussey, the pioneer in the manufacture of practical reaping-machines, was a cousin of Jacob R. Thomas. They were intimately acquainted, and Hussey afterwards perfected Thomas' invention, and from that McCormick's, and all others cutting on the same principle, were framed. The pathetic story of Jacob R. Thomas is the same so often repeated in the lives of inventors and discoverers. The spark of genius went out amid the vapors of poverty, while his quick-witted imitators reaped the golden showers which should have been poured into his own lap. The region of country afterwards known as Carroll County now grew apace. The lands were cleared of their dense forests, the magnificent water-courses were utilized for mills and manufactures, towns sprang into existence, and the inhabitants, following the motto of the commonwealth, increased and multiplied. Taneytown, Westminster, Manchester, Hampstead, Union Bridge, Middleburg, and New Windsor became prosperous villages. At the close of the last war between Great Britain and the United States agricultural products commanded excellent prices. Wheat-flour was sold in the Baltimore markets for fourteen dollars per barrel, and other commodities realized proportionate prices. The value of land had greatly appreciated. In April, 1814, Peter Benedune sold out all his land in the vicinity of Union Bridge at prices ranging from one hundred to one hundred and twenty dollars per acre, and removed to the Valley of Virginia. About this time also the spirit of progress was abroad. The Westminster Fire-Engine and Church Lottery was drawn in Frederick City, July 10, 1813. A bank was established in Westminster, and it is learned from the newspapers of the day that the old martial spirit, fanned into a flame during the Revolution, and rekindled in 1812 by the invasion of the British, was still active and vigorous. Under date of Oct. 13, 1821, the Frederick Herald says, " At a meeting of the Columbian Independent Company, commanded by Capt. Nicholas Snider, of Taneytown, and the Independent Pipe Creek Company, commanded by Capt. Thomas Hook, at Middleburg, in Frederick County, . . . information of the death of Gen. John Ross Key was received."

The people were virtuous and God-fearing. The corner-stone of the German Reformed and English Presbyterian church was laid in Taneytown, Sept. 5, 1821. It was about this date also that the inhabitants awakened to a sense of the value of regular postal communication, and a postal service on horseback was established from Frederick City to Westminster via Union Bridge and back once a week. The people were gradually becoming sensible of the overgrown bulk and unmanageable interests of the immense counties of Frederick and Baltimore, and the leading men residing in either county in the vicinity of Westminster began to take an active interest in politics. Joshua Cockey became a prominent politician in this end of Frederick County, and represented his constituents in the Senate and House of Delegates. Isaac Shriver also represented the county several times. William P. Farquhar and John Fisher were also members of the House of Delegates. Peter Little and Elias Brown, of Freedom District, represented the Baltimore District in Congress between the years 1818 and 1828. In 1832 the feeling, which had been gaining strength for years, that a new county was absolutely needed for the convenience and prosperity of those dwelling in the eastern portion of Frederick and the western portion of Baltimore Counties culminated in a memorial to the Legislature of Maryland petitioning for a division of these counties and the establishment of a new one to be called " Westminster."

When the area and population of Frederick and Baltimore Counties are considered it seems extraordinary that this movement should have been so long delayed or that it should have met with such decided opposition when inaugurated. The two counties contained nearly one-filth of the territorial area of the State, and, exclusive of the city of Baltimore, they possessed a population of upwards of eighty-five thousand inhabitants, or very nearly one-fifth of the whole number of inhabitants in the State. The bounds of the new county, as proposed by the memorialists, were as follows: " Beginning at Parr's Spring, at the head of the western branch of the Patapsco River, and running with said branch, binding on Anne Arundel County, to the north branch of said river; thence running up said north branch, excluding the same, to the old mill on Dr. Moore Falls' land, including said mill; thence north seventeen degrees east to the Pennsylvania line; thence, binding on said line, westwardly to Rock Creek, one of the head-waters of the Monocacy River; thence with said creek and river, excluding the same, to Double Pipe Creek; thence with said creek, and with Little Pipe Creek and Sam's Creek, including their waters, to Maurois' mill, excluding said mill, and thence with a straight line to Parr's Spring, the beginning."

It was estimated that the new county would contain about twenty-five thousand inhabitants. The town of Westminster, beautifully situated in the valley between the head-waters of Little Pipe Creek and those of the north branch of the Patapsco, on the road leading from Baltimore to Pittsburgh, generally known as the Reisterstown turnpike road, and containing a population of seven hundred souls, was to be the county-seat. The people in some of the districts were now thoroughly aroused. Complaints were frequent and vehement of the distance to be traversed to reach the seats of justice in Baltimore and Frederick Counties respectively, and the difficulties and delays encountered because of the overcrowded dockets of the courts. The Star of Federalism, a newspaper, was established at Uniontown, and at different periods three papers were published at Westminster by George Keating, Mr. Burke, and George W. Sharpe, all strenuously advocating a division. The latter afterwards removed to Frederick and established the Frederick Citizen. The support of these papers was small, and they were soon discontinued. Although the sentiment in favor of a division was general, the people were very much divided in opinion as to how it should be done. Some favored a division of Frederick County alone, some were in favor of separating Baltimore County from the city and locating the seat of justice at a central point, while the inhabitants of Westminster and its vicinity, which was on the dividing line between the two counties, were anxious to take a portion of each of those counties and form a new one with Westminster as the county-seat. The memorial mentioned above was presented to the Legislature of Maryland in 1833, and referred to a committee of which William Cost Johnson, of Frederick, was chairman. Mr. Johnson was a man of great ability and popularity. He introduced a bill into the Legislature which created a county with the metes and bounds prayed for by the memorialists, and it was mainly through his efforts that it passed both houses. It had been the original intention of the petitioners to give the name of Westminster to the new county, but the bill as passed named it " Carroll," in honor of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, then recently deceased, a man who in character, ability, patriotism, and usefulness has never been surpassed in Maryland.

The act of Assembly was clogged with a provision requiring its submission to the vote of the people who lived in the sections of the two counties proposed to be cut off, and further exacting a majority of the voters in its favor in each segment. The vote was to be taken viva voce, at the October election in 1833. The people were now fully alive to the importance of the question, and the issue was fairly joined. Col. John K. Longwell established the Carrolltonian at Westminster, June 28, 1833, a journal whose aim was to advocate the division and educate the people up to a full knowledge of the advantages likely to accrue from the creation of the new county. The paper was conducted with marked ability and zeal, and the division, which occurred four years later, was measurably due to its unflagging energy and fidelity. As the fall election approached public meetings were held in the districts interested and the merits of the proposed division very thoroughly discussed. A very large meeting was held at Westminster and an able address issued, which was published in pamphlet form in the English and German languages and very freely circulated in the counties. A committee composed of the following-named gentlemen was appointed to further the object of the meeting: C. Birnie, Sr., William Murray, Edward Dorsey, Joshua C. Gist, Thomas Hook, John McKaleb, Archibald Dorsey, William Sheppard, Mordecai G. Cockey, John McKellip, Joseph Steele, John Baumgartner, Nicholas Algire, William Shaw, of H., George Richards, William Roberts, Frederick Ritter, Samuel Gait, Nicholas Kelley, James C. Atlee, Washington Van Bibber, Evan L. Crawford, Peter Hull, Philip G. Jones, Peter Erb, Jacob Shriver, William Brown, Evan McKinstry, Basil D. Stevenson, Philip Englar, Abraham Bixler, Jacob Landes, William Caples, David Kephart, Sr., Joshua Sellman, William B. Hebbard, John Malehorn, J. Henry Hoppe, Michael Miller, John Swope, George Warfield, William Jordan, George Crabbs, Sebastian Sultzer, John C. Kelley, David Foutz, Jesse Slingluff, Nathan Gorsuch, Joseph Keifer, Abraham Null, Jesse L. Warfield, George Cassell.

It would seem that with such an array of citizens of worth and excellence in its favor there should have been no difficulty in securing the passage of the bill, but a strong opposition was developed in the districts which belonged to Baltimore County. Their attachment to the county clouded their judgments, and they refused to listen to reason or to consult their own interests. The campaign in behalf of the new county was one of the most memorable and exciting that had ever taken place in Western Maryland, and after a canvass which embraced every nook and corner of the districts in Frederick and Baltimore Counties to be segregated the election took place, and the new county failed to receive a majority of the votes in the Baltimore County segment, and the division was consequently defeated, as the following vote by districts will show:

FREDERICK COUNTY.

Districts. For. Against

Westminster 610 139

Taneytown 398 187

Liberty 4 101

New Market 0 22

1012 449

BALTIMORE COUNTY.

Districts. For. Against.

Dug Hill 150 304

Freedom 141 208

Woolery's 250 53

Wise's 0 11

Reisterstown 13 17

554 593

The election was a severe blow to the friends of the new county. They had not anticipated defeat: indeed, they thought that the measure would be approved by a large majority of the voters. They did not make sufficient allowance for county attachments and the influence of tradition, nor did they properly estimate the jealousy of other villages and the prejudice and fear of increased taxation, but they were not dismayed by the disaster. They now knew both their weakness and strength, and they went manfully to work to retrieve their mistakes. More meetings were called, the people were reasoned with, and a public sentiment created in favor of the measure in places where the stoutest opposition had been developed. In 1835 the Whigs nominated Dr. William Willis as a member of the House of Delegates from Frederick County, and the Democrats nominated Isaac Shriver. They were both elected, many of the friends of the new county voting for them. Willis and Shriver, with their colleagues, Robert Annan and Daniel Duvall, originated and boldly pressed another bill on the attention of the Legislature. By this act a large portion of the Liberty District in Frederick County and all of the New Market District were excluded from the limits of the new county by making the Buffalo road the line from Sam's Creek to Parr's Spring, and thus' were removed the objections of the people residing in those districts, who were almost unanimously opposed to separation from the old county. The delegates were supported in their action by a petition containing 1800 names, and after laboring diligently during the whole session they had the satisfaction of procuring the passage of the bill by both branches of the Legislature.

A confirmatory act by the next Legislature was necessary before the bill could become a law, and it was expected that the measure would have to encounter determined opposition, especially from the representatives of Baltimore County, as the project was strongly opposed there, and her representatives considered themselves under obligations, if possible, to defeat it.

The political campaign of 1836 was one of the most exciting and closely-contested struggles that has ever taken place in the State, and resulted in important changes of the organic law. Senatorial electors were to be chosen, two from each county, who were to meet in Annapolis and select the Senate, then consisting of fifteen members. The Whigs of Frederick County nominated Evan McKinstry and Gideon Bantz, and the Democrats, John Fisher and Casper Quynn. A strong party in favor of reform in the State Constitution caused the election of Fisher and Quynn. Of the whole number of electors the Whigs elected twenty-one and the Democrats nineteen. The constitution prescribed that twenty-four electors should constitute a quorum. The electors met in Annapolis, but the nineteen Democrats claimed a majority of the senators as Reformers, inasmuch as they represented a large majority of the popular vote of the State, and declined to enter the electoral college until their proposition was granted. The Whigs indignantly refused to accede to their demand, and the Democrats left for their homes in a body, receiving from their friends the appellation of the " Glorious Nineteen."

The withdrawal of the Democrats from Annapolis produced a profound sensation in Maryland. By the Whigs it was considered revolutionary, and many persons became alarmed. The Whig friends of the new county were afraid that it would cause the rejection of their favorite scheme.

When the Whig and Democratic senatorial electors were nominated in Frederick County a ticket was named by each party for the House of Delegates. The Whig ticket was composed of Jacob Matthias, Francis Brengle, Joshua Doub, and George Bowlus. Isaac Shriver was again placed on the Democratic ticket. Francis Thomas, afterwards Governor of Maryland, was at that time the leader of the Democracy in the western portion of the State. The action of the Democratic electors, and the feeling in the party consequent thereupon, led him to believe that the time was ripe for a change in the constitution. He therefore advised the withdrawal of the Democratic legislative ticket, and proposed instead the selection of delegates to a Constitutional Convention at the regular election. This was done, and the Whig delegates in Frederick County were elected without opposition. In other portions of the State the secession of the 'Glorious Nineteen" was not regarded with favor, and the reaction in public sentiment gave the Whigs a large majority in the House of Delegates, a number of counties in which they had been defeated at the September elections sending solid Whig delegations to Annapolis.

Five of the Democratic senatorial electors considered themselves instructed by this decisive manifestation of the will of the people, and agreed to unite with the twenty-one Whigs and elect a Senate. William Schley, of Frederick, and Elias Brown, of Baltimore County, were chosen as two of the fifteen senators. The proposition to hold a Constitutional Convention was abandoned. It was conceded, however, that some reform was needed, and accordingly, upon the assembling of the Legislature, Governor Veazy, in his annual message, recommended that the election of Governor and senators should be given to the people, and that Carroll County be created, so as to diminish the size of the largest two counties and give an addition of four members to the popular branch of the Legislature. These measures received the sanction of public approval, the constitution was amended to meet the views of the Governor, and the confirmatory act creating Carroll County passed the House of Delegates by a majority of twenty-eight, and every senator, with the exception of Elias Brown, cast his vote in favor of it. It was signed by the Governor, and became a law Jan. 19, 1837, so that in all probability the course pursued by the " Glorious Nineteen," instead of proving adverse to the creation of the new; county, had the tendency to bring to its support, as a conciliatory measure, many of the representatives from the smaller counties of the State. This long deferred victory was hailed with demonstrations of delight by the citizens of Westminster and the surrounding country. It was celebrated by a procession, with arches, banners, and an illumination, and an address was delivered in the Old Union church by James Raymond.

The following is the act of Assembly, passed March 25, 1836, for the creation of Carroll County:

" Whereas, a considerable body of the inhabitants of Baltimore and Frederick Counties, by their petition to this General Assembly, have prayed that an act may be passed for a division ' of said counties, and for erecting a new one out of parts thereof; and whereas, it appears to this General Assembly that the erecting of a new county out of such parts of Baltimore and Frederick Counties will greatly conduce to the ease and convenience of the people thereof; therefore

Sec. I . lie it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That after the confirmation of this act such parts of the aforesaid counties of Baltimore and Frederick as are contained within the bounds and limits following, to wit: beginning at the Pennsylvania line where Rock Creek crosses said line, thence with the course of said creek until it merges in the Monocacy river, thence with the Monocacy to the point where Double Pipe Creek empties into Monocacy, thence with the course of Pipe Creek to the point of junction of Little Pipe Creek and Big Pipe Creek, thence with the course of Little Pipe Creek to the point where Sam's Creek empties into Little Pipe Creek, thence with Sam's Creek to Warfield's mill, thence with the road called the Buffalo road, and to a point called Parr's Spring, thence with the western branch of the Patapsco Falls to the point of its junction with the northern branch of the Patapsco Falls, thence with the northern branch of said falls to the bridge erected over said falls on the turnpike road leading from Reisterstown to Westminster, thence with a straight course to the Pennsylvania line, running north seventeen degrees east, thence with the Pennsylvania line to the place of beginning, shall be erected into a new county by the name of Carroll County, and that the seat of justice thereof be established at Westminster.

" Sec. 2. And be it enacted, That the inhabitants of Carroll County shall have, hold, and enjoy all the immunities, rights, and privileges enjoyed by the inhabitants of any other county in this State.

" Sec. 3. And be it enacted. That the taxes which shall be levied by the commissioners of Baltimore County, prior to the confirmation of this act, on such parts of Baltimore County as are to constitute a part of Carroll County shall be collected and paid to the treasurer of Baltimore County, and the same be applied precisely as if this act had not passed; and that the taxes which shall be levied by the justices of the Levy Court of Frederick County, prior to the confirmation of this act, on the parts of Frederick County as are to constitute Carroll County shall be applied precisely as if this act had not passed.

" Sec. 4. And be it enacted, That all causes, processes, and pleadings which shall be depending in Frederick County Court and Baltimore County Court when this act shall be confirmed shall and may be prosecuted as effectually in the courts where the same be depending as if this act bad not been made.

"Sec. 5. And be it enacted, that the county of Carroll shall be a part of the Third Judicial District of this State, and the justices of the said district for the time being shall be the judges of the County Court of Carroll County, and the said County Court shall be held as may be directed by law, and shall have and exercise the same powers and jurisdiction, both at law and in equity, as other County Courts of this State.

" Sec. 6. And be it enacted. That the election districts in Carroll County shall be nine in number, and their limits, as well as the limits of the election districts in Baltimore and Frederick Counties, shall be established after the confirmation of this act as shall be directed by law.

"Sec. 7. And be it enacted. That after the confirmation of this act by the next General .Assembly, a writ of election shall issue for holding an election in said county for four delegates to represent said county in the General Assembly which shall then be in session.

" Sec. 8. And be it enacted, That if this act shall be confirmed by the General Assembly, after the next election of delegates at the first session after such new election, according to the constitution and form of government, that in such case this alteration and amendment of the constitution and form of government shall constitute and be valid as part thereof, and everything therein contained repugnant to or inconsistent with this act be repealed and abolished."

The county was created, but much remained to be done. Carroll was in an embryotic condition. She was as helpless as a newly-born babe. Public buildings were to be erected, courts of justice established, officers chosen, and the county must be districted. Mr. Matthias, who had labored zealously for the creation of the new county, now applied himself to bringing order out of chaos. Bills were introduced into the Legislature for the working machinery and to set it in motion. At that time the register of wills was chosen by the Legislature. After a sharp contest between a number of candidates, John Baumgartner, of Taneytown District, was elected. Acts of Assembly were introduced and passed providing for the appointment of county commissioners, for the assessment of real and personal property, for the meeting of the County Court, for the establishment of the Orphans' Court, for the opening of public roads, for the purchase of sites and the erection of public buildings thereon, for the election of a sheriff and the appointment of subordinate officers, and for the election of four delegates to the General Assembly, and at the end of the session of 1837 Carroll County was fairly on its legs and provided with the necessary legislation for the career of prosperity and progress upon which it was about to enter.

The following-named gentlemen were appointed to lay off the election districts: Samuel Gait, James C. Atlee, Thomas Hook, Samuel W. Myers, Joshua Smith, Abraham Wampler, Daniel Stull, Mordecai G. Cockey, Stephen Gorsuch, Joseph Steele, George W. Warfield, Frederick Ritter, and William McIlvain. They divided the county into nine districts as follows: Taneytown, Uniontown, Myers', Woolery's, Freedom, Manchester, Westminster, and Franklin. Since then the districts of Middleburg, New Windsor, and Union Bridge have been added. The districts were marked out Feb. 15, 1837, and the report of the commission was filed with the county clerk June 20, 1837, but not recorded until May 18, 1846. In March, 1837, an election was held for sheriff, the first that had taken place in Carroll County, and as a matter of interest the judges and clerks of election are given:

District No. 1, John Clabaugh, Jacob Correll, John Thomson, Jacob Wickert, James McKellip.

District No. 2, Moses Shaw, Sr., Israel Norris, David Foutz, John Hyder, Wm. C. Wright.

District No. 3, Wm. Coghlan, Peter Bankard, David B. Earhart, John Erb, Jacob H. Kemp.

District No. 4, Wm. Jameson, Edward E. Hall, George Jacobs, Wm. Jordan, Wm. Stansberry.

District No. 5, Robert Hudson, Nicholas Dorsey, Benjamin Bennett, Wm. Whalen, Otto Shipley.

District No. 6, Henry N. Brinkman, Frederick Ritter, Jarrett Garner, John Kerlinger, Joseph M. Purine.

District No. 7, Joshua Smith, David Uhler, Lewis Wampler, .Jonathan Norris, Charles W. Webster.

District No. 8, Wm. McIlvaine, George Richards, John Lamotte, John Fowble, George Richards, .Jr.

District No. 9, James Douty, Thomas Barnes, Robert Bennett, Joshua C. Gist, Thomas E. D. Poole.

A number of candidates sought the suffrages of the citizens, and the contest between Nicholas Kelley, Isaac Dern, and Basil Root, the leading aspirants, was very close, resulting in the election of Nicholas Kelley as the first sheriff of the county. The inauguration of the county government took place the first Monday in April, 1837. On that day the Circuit Court, the Orphans' Court, and the county commissioners all met in Westminster.

The Circuit Court met in the dwelling of Dr. Willis, now owned by Mr. Boyle, Judges Dorsey and Kilgour on the bench. After an appropriate introductory address, Judge Dorsey announced the appointment of Dr. William Willis as county clerk, which was received with unqualified approval by those present. The court then appointed James Keiffer court crier, and accepted the bonds of the clerk and sheriff. William P. Maulsby, James Raymond, James M. Shellman, A. P. Shriver, and T. Parkin Scott were admitted as attorneys of the Carroll County bar. Mr. Maulsby was appointed and qualified as State's attorney for the county. The court then adjourned to meet in the old Union church, where its sessions were afterwards held until a court-house was built.

The Orphans' Court of Carroll County convened for the first time April 10, 1837, in the Wampler mansion, on the corner of Church Street, which building it occupied until the erection of a courthouse. The commissions of Judges Abraham Wampler, William Jameson, and Robert Hudson were received from Theodoric Bland, chancellor of the State of Maryland, and read and recorded, after which the judges qualified and proceeded to business. John Baumgartner was qualified as register of wills, and appointed George B. Shriver assistant register. The first business of a general nature transacted by the court was the appointment of Peter Gettier and Peter Utz to view and estimate the annual value of the real estate of Julia, Mary, George, Joseph, Peter, and Amos Sauble, minors, in the hands of Dr. Jacob Shower, their guardian. A notice was filed from Elizabeth, widow of Peter Sauble, refusing to administer on decedent's estate; also a similar notice from John and Michael, brothers of the deceased.

April 17th. The court directed Nelly Demmitt to dispose of the personal property of William Demmitt as administratrix.

May 1st. James Raymond was admitted as an attorney in this court, the first mentioned in the proceedings, and William P. Maulsby was admitted at the same time.

May 8th. Nancy Koutz was appointed guardian to Joshua Koutz.

June 5th. In the case of Jacob Sellers, administrator of Philip Sellers, deceased, vs. George Wareham, a citation was issued, the first citation going out of this court.

June 12th. On application of Jesse Lee, John Barney, a colored boy, aged six years, was bound to said Lee until the said boy arrived at twenty-one years of age.

The first administrators mentioned at the April term were Dr. Jacob Shower, of Peter Sauble's estate; Nelly Demmitt, of her husband, William Demmitt; Adam Feeser, of Elizabeth Feeser.

The first executors were Joseph Cookson, of the estate of Samuel Cookson, deceased; Karahappuck Towson, of James Towson; and Peter Nace, of Peter Nace, Sr.

The first petition filed in any suit was that of George Wareham vs. Jacob Sellers, administrator of Philip Sellers, deceased. The first suit was indorsed "No. 1."

The following is a list of the wills admitted to probate during the first two years subsequent to the organization of the county:

1. Elizabeth Tawney, April 10, 1837. Witnesses, David Roop, John Schweigart, John Roop, Jr. Before John Baumgartner, register, and the judges of the Orphans' Court.

2. Samuel Cookson, April 17th. Witnesses, Joseph, Samuel, and John Weaver.

3. James Towson, April 17th. Witnesses, John Philip and Jacob Frine.

4. Peter Nace, the elder (dated 1827), and admitted to probate in Baltimore County, Dec. 27, 1831. Certified copy recorded in Carroll County, April 17, 1837.

5. Lauranty Freed, of Baltimore County. Certified copy of its probate there. Recorded April 17, 1837.

6. Lydia Hatton, April 17th.

7. Jacob Hoffman, May 1, 1837.

5. Solomon McHanney, June 5th.

9. Elizabeth Ann Howard, July 25th. Witnesses, Samuel Greenhalt, Asbury O. Warfield, D. W. Naill.

10. Henry Wareham, July 22nd. Witnesses, J. Henry Hoppe, Jacob Matthias, of George, Daniel Stowsifor, John Baumgartner.

11. David Geirman, August 9th. Witnesses, David Lister, of Jacob, George Croul, David Myerly.

12. Ann Brown, August 30th. Witnesses, N. Dorsey, Abel Scrivenar, Geo. W. Warfield.

13. Eliza C. Dorsey, August 30th. Witnesses, Edward Frizzell, Joseph Black, Thomas Beasman.

14. Aquila Garrettson, September 5th. Witnesses, George Bramwell, Mordecai G. Cockey, John Malehorn.

15. Jonathan Parrish, September 11th.

16. John Menche, October 17th. Witnesses, Peter Sawble, Michael Gettier, Jacob Kerlinger.

17. John Foltze, November 6th. Witnesses, Jacob Gitt, George Weaver, of H., James Marshall.

18. John Krumine, November 27th. Witnesses, Jacob Baumgartner, Philip Wentz, Jonathan Sterner.

19. Adam Frankforter, Jan. 1, 1838. Witnesses, Henry N. Brinckman, Jacob Gitt, Jacob W. Boesing.

20. Mary Ann Engel, January 2nd. Witnesses', John Baumgartner, George Hawk.

21. John Gilliss, January 13th. Witnesses, Augustus Riggs, Wm. Curlien, James L. Riggs.

22. Archibald Barnes, January 22nd. Witnesses, Joshua C. Gist, Joshua Franklin, Benjamin Bennett.

23. Joseph Arnold, February 12th. Witnesses, David Leister, George Croul, John Baumgartner.

24. Richard Manning, Sr., February 19th. Witnesses, Wm. Jameson, David Tawney, Peter Flater.

25. Catharine Manro,. February 26th. Witnesses, Joshua C. Gist, Joseph Harden, Jacob Hiltabeidel.

26. John Lambert, March 26th. Witnesses, John Smelser, David Smelser, David Gorsuch.

27. James Steele, April 2nd. Witnesses, N. Browne, Beale Buckingham, Vachel Buckingham.

28. Ezekiel Baring, May 7th.

29. Rachel Wentz, May 14th.

30. Mary Hooker, June 25th.

31. Baltzer Hesson, July 9th. Witnesses, Sterling Galt, Josiah Baumgartner, F, J. Baumgartner.

32. Nicholas H. Brown, July 13th.

33. George Tener, July 30th.

34. Jacob Brown, September 3rd. Witnesses, Michael Sholl, Jr., John Streavig, George Koons.

35. Peter Shriner, September 4th. Witnesses, Evan McKinstry, David Engler, John P. Shriner.

36. Patrick Hinds, October 8th.

37. Margaret Reid, October 8th. Witnesses, A. B. R. McLine, Samuel Naill, James Maloney.

38. Veronica Peters, October 8th.

39. Margaret Durbin, October 8th.

40. Hannah Wampler, October 15th. Witnesses, Jacob Yingling, Wm. Yingling, Wm. Zeppe.

41. Peter Arbaugh, October 29th. Witnesses, Solomon Woo-ley, William Lockard, Stephen Ourslers.

42. Jacob Reid, October 29th.

43. Elizabeth Keys, October 29th.

44. Mary Lampert, November 19th. Witnesses, James H. Gorsuch, Henry Long, Jacob Frine.

45. Susannah Loveall, Jan. 14, 1839. Witnesses, Henry Ebaugh, of George, George Ebaugh, John Rinehart.

46. Peter Shoemaker, Dec. 31, 1838. Witnesses, John Nussbaum, Abraham Hesson, Jacob Sell, Peter Dehoff.

47. Solomon Foutz, Feb. 11, 1839. Witnesses, Abraham Myers, John Flegle, Philip Boyle.

48. Michael Wagner, March 4th. Witnesses, John Hyder, John Smith, John Nusbaum.

The first death was recorded April 4, 1837. It was that of Basil D. Stevenson, surviving executor of Samuel Stevenson, deceased, to Hannah Shipley for four hundred and sixty-nine acres, adjoining " Fell's Dale;" consideration, $2665. Dated April 1, 1837.

The first mortgage was recorded April 5th, and was from John Knox to James Knox et al, and dated March 2, 1837.

The second deed was from J. Mason Campbell, trustee, to the president and directors of the Union Bank of Maryland, and was recorded April 8th. Dated April 1, 1837; consideration, one dollar. The land conveyed was Lot No. 6, of ninety acres, and was called " Legh Castle," being part of the late Legh Master's estate. It adjoined tracts called " Bond's Meadow Enlarged,"' " Long Valley," and " Brown's Delight." It was a part of the tract issued to the late William Winchester and his heirs by James Clark and Joseph G. J. Bend, surviving trustees of Rev. Legh H. Master, by an indenture of March 14, 1812.

The third deed was recorded April 8th, and was from Basil D. Stevenson, surviving executor of Samuel Stevenson, deceased. Its date of execution and record were the same. It conveyed one hundred and forty-seven acres, three roods, and twelve perches, and was parts of tracts called " The Resurvey' on Father's Gift," " Rich Meadows,'' and " Pigeon's Hill." Consideration, $1034.76.

The second mortgage was recorded April 11th, and. was from William Jordan to Richard Johns. It was on one hundred and thirty-nine and a half acres called " Curgafeigus," and two hundred and fifty acres called " Mount Pisgah."

The fourth deed was recorded April 11th, from Jacob Reese and wife to Jacob Roop, dated March 25, 1837. It was for one-half acre of " Bond's Meadow." Consideration, $600.

The following is the first marriage license issued in the new county:

" Whereas, application has been made to me by John Kroh, of Carroll County, and Julia Weaver, of Carroll County, for License to be joined in Holy Matrimony.

" These are therefore to authorize and license you to solemnize the Rites of Matrimony between said persons according to law, there appearing to you no lawful cause or just impediment by reason of any Consanguinity or Affinity to hinder the same.

"Given under my hand and the seal of my office this 8th of April, in the year 1837.

"George Mackubin,

[seal]

" Treasurer Western Shore.

" To the Rev. Jacob Geiger or any other person authorized by law to celebrate the marriage in the State of Maryland.

"William Willis,

" Clerk C. C., Md."

Sheriff Kelley converted a portion of the brick mansion in Westminster now owned by William Reese into a jail, and used it as such until the present prison was built. There was but one prisoner confined in it, and he is said to have made his escape by sliding down the spouting. The county commissioners met in a room of the Wampler tavern, and organized with Otho Shipley as clerk, and Thomas Hook county collector. A number of places were suggested as sites for the. public buildings, including the land on which they now stand, the lot at present occupied by the Dallas mansion, and the ground on which the Reformed church is built. The advantages of all were fairly considered by the commissioners, and on May 25, 1837, they accepted for the site of the courthouse an acre of ground from Isaac Shriver, immediately in rear of his tavern-stand, and about three hundred yards from Main Street, with ground for streets on three sides of it. For the jail they accepted an acre of land a short distance northeast of the court-house site, and about four hundred yards from Main Street. This was donated by the heirs of David Fisher.

The jail was built in 1837, by B. F. Forester and Johnzee Selby, at a cost of four thousand dollars, and since that time the jail-yard and other improvements have been added.

The second term of the Circuit Court was held Sept. 4, 1837. Chief Justice Thomas B. Dorsey presided, with Thomas H. Wilkinson as associate judge. The grand jury, the first in the new county, appeared, and was sworn as follows: William Brown (foreman), Jonathan Dorsey, Charles Devilbiss, Daniel Stull, John T. Mathias, William McIlvain, David Z. Buchen, Jacob Kerlinger, Daniel Horner, Nathaniel Sykes, Frederick Ritter, William Caples, William Fisher, John Jones, Jacob Grove, Michael Sullivan, Andrew C. Fowble, Thomas Sater, Samuel L. Swarmstead, Edward Dorsey, Joseph Shaffer, Isaac Dern, and John Henry Hopper.

Nicholas Kelley was sheriff, William Willis, clerk, and Emmanuel Gern and Henry Geatty, bailiffs. The grand jury returned true bills against George Ramsbery for resisting an officer; Jacob Boring, breach of the peace; Whitfield Garner, the same; Charlotte White, colored, larceny; Michael Wagner, assault; B. Eck, maltreatment to his slave "Poll;" William Coghlan and Peter Bankert, misdemeanor in office; William Grimes, Benjamin Davis, Resin Franklin, Jacob Gilavier, Nimrod Booby, Jacob Sanders, selling liquor without a license. The presentments against the last four were withdrawn by the grand jury and not returned. It will be observed from the perusal of the above that the offenses committed in 1837 did not differ materially from those of which the county courts take cognizance nowadays, though there was a commendable absence of the higher crimes, such as murder, arson, burglary, and robbery, which too frequently deface the present records of judicial tribunals. James Keifer was appointed court crier. James Mybrea filed a declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the United States and renounce his allegiance to the King of Great Britain. Henry Short, a native of Holland, also appeared and gave notice of his intention to become a naturalized citizen of this country. The following was the petit jury, the first in the county: John Cover, Jacob Gitt, John Kuhn, Sr., Basil Root, Evan L. Crawford, William Shaw, Joshua F. Copp, Robert Crawford, Isaiah Pearce, Nicholas H. Brown, Elijah Bond, Henry H. Harbaugh, Benjamin Bennett, Daniel Yeiser, Evan Garner, Thomas Smith, Thomas Bartholow, Nimrod Frizzell, Benjamin Yingling, Mordecai G. Cockey, Hezekiah Crout. The first case tried was that of an appeal of William Naill vs. Jesse Reifsnider. The witnesses for appellant were Elias Grimes and Elias Naill, and for appellee, Samuel Reindollar and Israel Hiteshue. The jury found for the appellant without leaving the box. The next cause was that of James Smith vs. Samuel Gatt, William Shaw, Silas Hauer, Washington Hauer, and Jacob Shoemaker, trustees of the church, an appeal. The witnesses were John W. McAlister for appellant, and James Bar, David Kephart, John Thompson for appellee. Judgment was affirmed with costs. Godfried Guyser, a native of Wurttemberg, Germany, John Reisly, of the same place, and Jacob Lewis and Philip Yoost, natives of Darmstadt, Germany, all filed their intentions to become American citizens. Fifty-six witnesses testified before the grand jury, among whom were the following constables: John Shockney, Jacob Frankforter, Thomas Brummel, Andrew P. Barnes, George Ogg, Emanuel Gernand, Warren P. Little, Evan Black, John Krantz, William Grunbine, Abraham England, William Stansbury, Samuel Lammott, John Clabaugh, David Kephart, George Willott, Frederick Yingling, Joseph Smith. On the petition of John S. Murray to inquire whether George Ecklar was an insane person and a pauper the jury refused an inquisition. The first criminal case tried was that of the State of Maryland vs. Charlotte White (colored), indicted for larceny, and the jury found a verdict of not guilty. The second State case was that of George Ramsbery for resisting a constable, in which a verdict of guilty was returned. The defendant was ordered to pay a fine of five dollars and be imprisoned sixty days. The third session of the County Court met Sept. 3, 1838, when the following grand jury was sworn: Jacob Landes (foreman), John A. Byers, John Adlisperger, Josiah Shilling, Peter Lippy, George W. Manro, Eli Hewitt, George Miller, Thomas Shepherd, Nimrod Woolery, Robert J. Jameson, Richard Smith, Samuel W. Myers, Robert B. Shipley, Joseph Poole, William Lookert, Solomon Myerly, Lewis Shuey, Benjamin B. Forrester, Henry Cover, Martin Krole, Adam Beiser. The petit jury were John McCollum, David Weaver, Julius Bennett, Nelson Norris, David Buffington, Isaac Powder, John Fowble, Francis Haines, David P. Deal, Henry W. Ports, Daniel Hoover, Micajah Rogers, Richard Owings, Denter Shipley, Horatio Price, Beal Buckingham, David Fowble, John Krouse, John Gornell, Michael Sullivan, John H. Hoppe, Francis Shriver, George Bramwell, Jacob Null.

The cornerstone of the present court-house of Carroll County was laid in June, 1838, with appropriate military and civic ceremonies. It was an occasion of general rejoicing, and a large concourse of people assembled to mark the event. Four military companies marched in the procession, commanded by Capts. Skinner, of Hanover, Swope, of Taneytown, Bramwell, of Finksburg, and Longwell, of Westminster. The stone was laid by Andrew Shriver, assisted by Col. Joshua Gist, then in his ninety-fourth year, a brother of Gen. Mordecai Gist, of Maryland, who won an imperishable name during the Revolution as a soldier and patriot, he having especially distinguished himself in the battles of Long Island and Camden. An address was delivered by Samuel D. Lecompte, and a number of impromptu speeches were made by prominent citizens. Conrad Moul was the contractor for the building, and the masonry of both the courthouse and jail was done by Ephraim Swope and Thomas W. Durbin. The court-house was built at a cost of eighteen thousand dollars, and notwithstanding it was erected more than forty years ago it is now a substantial and durable edifice, and a credit to the commissioners under whose administration it was constructed.

In 1838 the county government was perfected, all necessary subordinate officers had been elected or appointed, those who had opposed the creation of a new county had become reconciled to the situation, and thenceforward Carroll took its proper place among the older organizations as one of the most vigorous, progressive, and influential counties of Maryland.

Carroll County is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the south by the Patapsco River, which separates it from Howard County, on the east by Baltimore County, and on the west by Frederick County. Its natural advantages are great. The surface is undulating, the gently sloping hills, like the billows of the ocean, swelling gradually in the direction of the Catoctin range, a spur of the Blue Ridge. The tributaries of the Patapsco and Monocacy Rivers permeate the soil in every direction, not only supplying abundant water for farming purposes, but affording to the miller and manufacturer unlimited power for their handicrafts. The soils comprise all the varieties of the Blue Ridge division of the State, as white and red isinglass, slate, mica, limestone, and the " Red Lands." They are for the most part exceedingly fertile, the county possessing probably a smaller proportion of poor land than almost any other in Maryland, and where impoverished they are readily susceptible of improvement by careful cultivation and the use of lime, which exists in such abundance beneath the surface. The county is well wooded, and the scenery picturesque and beautiful, abounding in charming valleys, hemmed in by hills, on which the growth of the heaviest forest-trees gives the necessary shading to the landscape, and where a view of the distant Blue Ridge can be obtained, which is the case in many portions of the county, very happy effects are produced. The inhabitants have always been thrifty and energetic, and agriculture has received here its most perfect development. Fine farms abound. Wheat, rye, oats, and corn, the various grasses, fruits, and vegetables are grown, and magnificent herds of cattle and improved breeds of horses, sheep, and hogs are the principal productions of the farmers, while much attention is paid to the dairy business, the proximity to the city of Baltimore by means of the railroads and turnpikes insuring profitable returns to those engaged in it. Tobacco has been grown to some extent, and small crops are still raised in parts of the county, but the expense and uncertainty attending its production have been so great as to render it unpopular with the majority of farmers. Well-tilled farms and fine residences are confined to no particular district, but are freely distributed through the county. There are numerous mills and manufacturing establishments, and a large number of tanneries in the county, the last induced, doubtless, by the heavy growth of oak timber, which forms the body of the woods in that section of country. Large supplies of granite, marble, limestone, and brick clay are to be had for building purposes.

There are also large quarries of the best variety of soapstone near Marriottsville, adjacent to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The stone is of the purest quality, and at the factory is sawed into every imaginable shape, and used for many varied purposes, its uses having multiplied greatly of late years. Even the refuse stone and dust are valuable in various ways.

Some of the finest hematitic iron ore in the United States, and also some excellent specimens of oxide of manganese, have been found in Carroll. The climate is salubrious, and the lay of the land and purity of the water favorable to health, so much so as to make many portions of the county favorite places of resort for the citizens of Baltimore during the summer months. The county is rapidly increasing in population, wealth, and enterprise, and the public-spirited citizens who have managed its affairs have adopted all judicious means for social and material advancement. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on its southern border, the Western Maryland Railroad which passes almost directly through the center of the county, the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad which runs across the northwestern portion, and numerous fine turnpikes, as well as an admirable system of public roads, constitute the means of transportation, and few sections of the country possess greater conveniences in this regard. Through these channels it is placed in direct communication with the city of Baltimore, where a ready market is found for its productions, and the rapid transportation furnished by the railroads has enabled its citizens to build up a trade in the products of the dairy unsurpassed probably elsewhere in Maryland. The prices of land vary of course with the quality of the soil and its proximity or remoteness to the highways of travel, but one hundred and fifty dollars per acre is not unusual, and many who have purchased land at that rate have had no cause to regret it. As far back as April, 1814, Peter Benedune, who was a restless speculator, sold out all his land in the vicinity of Union Bridge at from one hundred to one hundred and twenty dollars per acre, and removed to the Valley of Virginia. The accessibility of the lands in Carroll County, their healthfulness, and the social advantages in many of the neighborhoods, render them desirable either as residences or safe investments. The brown sandstone, so highly valued for building purposes, is found in the western part of Carroll, and will compare very favorably with the Connecticut sandstone, so generally in use in the construction of the finer class of edifices in large cities. In Emmittsburg, among the upper layers of brown sandstone are found strata of flagging. Some of it separates into flags from two to four inches thick, with smooth surfaces ready dressed for paving. The boundaries of Carroll County were made for political convenience and not as divisions between distinct varieties of soil or different geological formations. The " Red Lands," beginning in the northwestern part of the county and extending through the Taneytown and Middleburg Districts into portions of the Union Town District, are similar in geological formation to those found in Frederick County, differing only in their agricultural value, the former being more decomposed, thereby insuring a deeper soil. These lands are underlaid by compact shales, among which red sandstone is frequently found sufficiently durable for building purposes. The value of these lands is materially influenced by the proximity of these shales or sandstones to the surface. When they are immediately beneath it the soil is unproductive, being easily affected by droughts, as there is not sufficient depth to retain the necessary supply of water for the crops. When this is the case the remedy is always at hand. The land should be subsoiled and heavily manured with lime.

Slate soils are a continuation of those found in Frederick County, and differ materially from the red land described above. The slates from which the soils overlying them are formed are mica slate, talc slate, chlorite slate, and blue, or roofing slate, the composition of all of which is, in an agricultural point of view, so nearly allied as to reader any separate description of them unnecessary, and they are so intimately mixed that it would require almost an innumerable number of analyses to determine the special composition of each.

The lands drained by the waters of the Little Pipe Creek and its tributary branches are composed mainly from the disintegrated particles of these rocks or slates. They have by various influences become thoroughly decomposed, have been well manured and well cultivated, and are equal in productive value to the average of the best in the State. These lands are formed from the same rocks, and have the same composition in every particular, as all the lands in this section of the State are underlaid by the slates above spoken of; and the question naturally arises, why should some of them be so barren and some so productive? Why should the soils of the same formation on Parr's Ridge, running through the county to Manchester and the Pennsylvania line, be generally unproductive? Their mechanical texture must be examined for an explanation of their different degrees of fertility. Most of the soil in this part of the county, as it has been formed, has been washed off, and there has not been enough of it left to meet the wants of plants, by retaining a sufficiency of moisture for their support, or a proper quantity of nutrient materials to develop their growth and structure. To obviate these difficulties the soil must be deepened, decomposed, and the mineral set free which it has in a crude state.

There are also the light red sandy loams of this county, at the foot of Parr's Ridge, represented by the lands which extend over the whole county in a line more or less directly parallel with Parr's Ridge. They are famous for producing a variety of tobacco known as the Bay Tobacco, which sells at a very high price.

The red clay loam begins at the eastern border of the above-described lands, and extends eastward to where they meet the granite or isinglass soil. The next varieties met after going eastward from these are the white isinglass, soils formed from the disintegration of granite rocks. These are easily recognized, the bright shining spangles of mica, or isinglass, glistening everywhere. They are exceedingly light and dry, and are occasionally very barren. These comprise the chief soils of Carroll; they follow each other in regular succession, from west to east, in the order in which they are named, and can be readily recognized by their location as well as by their description.

The limestones of Carroll are fully equal to those found in any other portion of Western Maryland. Many of them are used only in the neighborhood where they are located, but there are many excellent limestone-quarries both for agricultural and building purposes. The principal limestones in the upper part of the county are as follows:

No. 2, a white limestone of fine crystalline texture, Uniontown, Maryland.

No. 2, a dark gray variety, slatish, with crystals of calc spar imbedded.

No. 3, a dark gray and homogeneous mass of fine crystalline texture, and small white veins of calc spar traversing.

The second series are those of the western flank of Parr's Ridge. They usually have a fine grain resembling that of Carrara marble, and they vary in color from white to grayish blue. They contain little silicious matter, and in general but small proportions of magnesia or other impurities. They have sometimes a slaty structure. Near the southern limits of the formation the proportion of magnesia is somewhat larger.

Iron ores occur in immense quantities in connection with the limestones before mentioned. They range from the Pennsylvania line (north of Westminster) southwesterly for ten or twelve miles. Westminster lies on the eastern edge of the range. There are the ruins of an iron-furnace about two and a half miles southwest of Westminster, on the property of Mr. Vanbibber, where these ores were smelted many years ago. The Western Maryland Railroad reaches this range of ore at Westminster, and passes through it for several miles. This affords every facility for transporting the ore or the iron that may be made therefrom.

The magnetic oxide of iron is the richest of iron ores, and when pure (as is sometimes the case in Sweden) contains seventy-two per cent, of metal. It is usually, however, more or less mixed up with earthy matters, and sometimes contains the oxides of titanium and manganese.

It has a metallic luster and a dark gray or almost black color, the latter being also the color of its powder. It strongly attracts the magnetic needle, and when in small grains it is attracted by the magnet. Some of its varieties are sufficiently magnetic to attract iron filings and needles, hence the name of loadstone, which was formerly applied to it. These characters distinguish it from all other ores of iron.

It occurs in small quantities about seven miles west-northwest from Baltimore, near the Bare Hill's Copper Mine, and again near Scott's mills, about eighteen miles north-northwest of Baltimore. It is found in massive as well as in octahedral crystals and grains. An iron-furnace at Sykesville is in part supplied by ore which is mined in that vicinity.

When the northwestern edge of the mica slates is reached, there is found what may be termed a metalliferous range, extending from the northern part of Cecil County through Harford, Baltimore, Carroll, Howard, and Montgomery Counties.

In addition to the magnetic iron ores of this range already referred to, there are ores of copper, chrome, and gold. Indications of copper may be seen at various points, and several mines have been opened in this county, one of which, at Springfield, near Sykesville, continues to be profitably worked. Near Finksburg a copper-mine was successfully worked during several years, and, if proper skill and sufficient capital are applied, it will probably prove productive. The ore consists of yellow or pyritous copper and still richer quartz, called purple copper ore.

Sulphuret of cobalt was discovered among the products of this mine, but this rare and valuable material occurred in very small quantity, and has not been found elsewhere in this State. Other mines have been opened in this range, between Finksburg and Sykesville, and at one of them native gold was discovered.

Northeastward from Finksburg there are indications of copper at many points, especially near the forks of the Gunpowder River, about twenty-two miles north of Baltimore. Some explorations and diggings have been made without discovering the ore in quantity. It appears to be associated with the magnetic oxide of iron of this formation.

There are also abundant traces of copper in the northwest part of the county, in the red shales. They give so little promise of profitable mines, however, that it is almost useless to expend money in digging for the ore.

Copper ore accompanies (in very small proportion) the magnetic oxide oi' iron, which is associated with steatite in veins in mica slate rock. Some years ago certain parties caused a shaft to be sunk on one of these veins with the hope that copper might be obtained in available quantities beneath, but they were disappointed. The Springfield mine was a success, and a similar result might happen at the Gunpowder veins, but the cost of sinking deep shafts is too great for the chances of a favorable result. In following this metalliferous range southwestward no indications of either chrome or copper are encountered until the vicinity of Finksburg is reached. From this point for about seven miles, to Springfield (one mile and a half north of Sykesville, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad), there are numerous indications of copper ores. A mine was opened near Finksburg about thirty years ago, and for some time was worked with success. The ore was found in a true vein, and consisted at first principally of carbonate of copper, which, as usual, was succeeded by a sulphuret of copper ore, containing sixty per cent, of metal when free from gangue, or about thirty per cent, after bring prepared for sale. At depths of from fifty to one hundred feet the ore was abundant, and it was usual for them to mine thirty tons a week.

Subsequently the vein became thinner, or pinched off, to use a mining term, but there is every reason to believe that with more knowledge of such matters on the part of the owners the vein might have been reached at a lower depth as rich as it was above. Veins of this kind are irregular in thickness, but mining to depths of two to three thousand feet has never yet reached the bottom of one of them. Another vein was slightly explored a short distance from this opening, but the owners became discouraged and suspended operations.

Another mine was opened at Mineral Hill, about seven miles southwest of Finksburg, in the same range. It was penetrated to a considerable depth. Cobalt ore has been found at Mineral Hill in small quantity, and native gold in the outcrop in inappreciable amount. The veins were opened and some work done about two miles southwest of this point. In the Springfield mine the main shaft has been carried down on the large vein to a distance of seven hundred feet, with much better indications at the greatest depth penetrated than near the surface, where there was little copper, but a considerable thickness of magnetic oxide of iron. In fact, this mine was originally worked for iron, but as it progressed in depth the proportion of copper continued to increase, so that for several years it was worked as a copper-mine, and turned out better than any other in the State.

The ore consisted of pyritous copper, which, when pure, contains usually about thirty-three per cent, of the metal, but owing to the mixture of vein-stone, or gangue, the proportion of metal was about thirteen per cent. The ore sold for about fifty dollars per ton to the copper-smelting works of Baltimore. Chrome ores occur at many points in a serpentine formation which stretches from New Lisbon four miles west to Rockville, Montgomery Co., and nearly to the Potomac River. The ore has been worked at several points, and is found to vary considerably in quality.

The range of limestone, useful as marble, is on the western flank of Parr's Ridge, extending southwestward from a little northwest of Manchester, passing near and west of Westminster, and extending into Frederick County. They are usually stratified, and consist of very small crystalline grains, and ore generally white or some light shade of blue. It is found, however, towards the southern limits of this range more variegated, with shades of red less pure, and the stratification more disturbed. The different layers of this vary considerably, and even in the same quarry there are strata of pure white and light blue, and sometimes variegated with light and dark shades of red. They take a fine polish, and are free from the grains or masses of quartz and other minerals which sometimes exist in the older limestones. The quarries, with cheap transportation, will increase their depths. The effect of this will be to bring to light the marble, less acted upon by the weather, at less cost than when large quantities of stone have to be quarried and thrown aside in order to get unaltered blocks of marble of large size.

Carroll County is well supplied with railroad facilities. The Western Maryland Railroad was chartered in January, 1852, and work was commenced on it in July, 1857. It was completed to Union Bridge in 1861, and to Williamsport, on the Potomac River, in 1873. In its inception it was a Carroll County enterprise, the inhabitants of that section subscribing for nearly all of the original stock of the company. William Roberts, the president, and William W. Dallas, John Smith, Samuel McKinstry, J. Henry Hoppe, and John K. Longwell, directors, contracted with Messrs. Irwin, Taylor & Norris to build the road to Union Bridge, the contractors to receive the stock subscription, amounting to one hundred and sixty thousand dollars, and six hundred thousand dollars in first mortgage bonds. It was subsequently completed to its present terminus on the Potomac River by Baltimore capitalists, who were very materially aided by Baltimore City. The presidents of the company have been Robert Magraw, Nathan Haines, William Roberts, Augustus Shriver, Robert Irwin, John Smith, John Lee Chapman, Wendell Bollman, George M. Bokee, Robert T. Banks, James L. McLane, Alexander Reiman, and the present very able and efficient executive, J. M. Hood. The value of this road to Carroll County can scarcely be overestimated. It passes directly through the center of the county, entering Woolery District on its eastern border, and passing up through the northern corner, it skirts the southern extremity of Hampstead; thence through the center of Westminster District, and taking in the county-seat, it crosses the New Windsor District, passing through the town of New Windsor; thence across the Union Bridge District, embracing the town of that name, and then along the southwestern portion of Middleburg District into Frederick County.

At Bruceville, in Middleburg District, it intersects the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad, through which Frederick City, Taneytown, and points in Pennsylvania are reached. The scenery along the line of the road in Carroll County is exquisitely beautiful, and affords to the tourist in the summer months abundant opportunities for the study of nature in her loveliest and most varied forms. The land through which it passes is fertile, productive, highly cultivated, and teeming with the fruits of the earth. The road is intersected at many points by rapid, sparkling, and limpid streams, which promise in the near future to furnish power for innumerable mills and factories. Already the spirit of progress has manifested itself Many mills have been erected along the course of the road, and the tanneries and ore-mines show that the confidence of the projectors of the enterprise was not misplaced. Property of every description in the vicinity of the railroad has greatly appreciated in value, and an unmistakable impetus has been given to all industries which the county is capable of sustaining. The stations in Carroll County are Carrollton, Gorsuch Road, Westminster, Avondale, Wayside, New Windsor, Linwood, Union Bridge, Middleburg, Frederick Junction, York Road (Bruceville), and Double Pipe Creek.

The Bachman's Valley Railroad begins at the Chestnut Hill iron ore mines, about the center of the Manchester District, and runs almost due north across the line into Pennsylvania until it intersects the Hanover Branch Railroad. Immense quantities of iron ore are transported over this road to furnaces in Pennsylvania. The officers for 1881 were: President, Capt. A. W. Eichelberger; Directors, Stephen Keifer, H. C. Shriver, Joseph Dellone, Joseph Althoff, C. L. Johnson, J. W. Gitt, Levi Dubbs, Perry Wine, Edwin Thomas, Samuel Thomas, E. W. Henidele, and Adam Newcomer. The Hanover Railroad was built from Reisterstown, on the Western Maryland Railroad, to Hanover in 1870. It passes through Hampstead and Manchester Districts. Its officers are: President, Capt. A. W. Eichelberger; Directors, Stephen Keifer, Mr. Meltheimer, W. H. Hoffman, William Slagle, Calvin C. Wooden, and J. W. Gitt.

The Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad runs from Frederick City, Md., through Middleburg and Taneytown Districts, in Carroll County, taking in the extreme western corner of Myers District, to Hanover, in Pennsylvania. It intersects the Western Maryland Railroad at Bruceville, in Middleburg District, and furnishes several outlets for the produce of the remarkably fertile grain-growing and grazing country through which it passes.

Prior to the building of railroads turnpikes were the readiest means of commercial intercourse between the great centers of trade and the outlying districts. So important were they considered that the policy of a great party in this country was to some extent based upon the advisability of their construction by the national government, and many severe contests were waged over this question in Congress.

At an early period in the history of the section now known as Carroll County the increase in population and trade made it necessary to secure greater facilities for transportation, and in 1805 the Baltimore and Reisterstown Turnpike Company was chartered. The capital needed for its construction, six hundred thousand dollars, was subscribed for by the merchants and capitalists of Baltimore, and in 1807 the road was constructed through this county. It entered Woolery District near Finksburg, and passing through Westminster, connected with the Hanover Branch. It is sixty miles in length, including the latter. The goods and produce carried over this road in early days was immense. The large Conestoga wagons, so familiar to denizens of the West as " schooners of the desert," passed each other, hundreds in a day, on their way to and from Pittsburgh and Baltimore, and the jingling of bells, the cracking of whips, the horses gayly caparisoned, and the drivers in picturesque costumes constituted an animating and enlivening spectacle, the recollection of which occasionally excites regret in the bosoms of the old-timers, and arouses a fleeting wish for the populous roads and the good old country inns which have been so effectually superseded by the trailing smoke and lightning dash of the steam-engine.

The Westminster and Hagerstown turnpike was begun about 1824, but before much progress had been made railroads had become a question of absorbing interest to enlightened people all over the world, and doubtless occasioned a lukewarmness with reference to pikes which materially interfered with the completion of the enterprise. At many points on the line sections of road were made, but the only portion finished was between Westminster and Uniontown.

The Liberty turnpike passes through the southern portion of the county, and there are short turnpikes at Union Bridge, New Windsor, and Finksburg. In 1851, about the time that the mania for plank-roads was at its height in the United States, it was determined to build one from Westminster to Emmittsburg, but, fortunately perhaps, it was never completed.

The following is a correct list of the judges, county clerks, sheriffs. State's attorneys, registers, and subordinate officers of Carroll County since its creation in 1837 to this present writing:

Judges of the Circuit Court.

1837-52, Thomas B. Dorsey, Thomas H. Wilkinson, Nicholas Brewer; 1851-64, Madison Nelson; 1864-67, John E. Smith; 1867-81, Oliver Miller, Edward Hammond, Wm. N. Hayden.

County Clerks.

1837-41, Dr. William Willis; 1841-49, Dr. Jacob Shower; 1849-57, John B. Boyle: 1857-62, George E. Wampler 1862-67, William A. McKellip; 1867-73, John B. Boyle; 1873-81, Dr. Frank T. Shaw.

Sheriffs.

1837-39, Nicholas Kelly; 1839-42, Jacob Grove; 1842-45, J. Henry Hoppe; 1845-48, Lewis Trumbo; 1848-51, Hanson T. Webb; 1851-53, William S. Brown; 1853-55, John M. Yingling; 1855-57, Joseph Shaeffer; 1857-59, William Wilson; 1859-61, William Segafoose; 1861-63, Jeremiah Babylon; 1863-65, Joseph Ebaugh; 1865-67, Jacob D. Hoppe; 1867-69, Thomas B. Gist; 1869-71, John Tracey; 1871-73, George N. Fringer; 1873-75, Edward Devilbiss; 1875-77, James W. White; 1877-79, Peter Wood; 1879-81, George N. Fringer.

Court Criers.

1837-57, James Kieffer; 1857-68, Benjamin Tingling; 1868-81, William S. Brown.

State's Attorneys.

1837-46, William P. Maulsby; 1846, James Raymond; 1847-49, William N. Hayden; 1849-51, Charles W. Webster; 1851, A. N. Hobbs; 1852-56, Daniel L. Hoover; 1856-67, Charles W. Webster; 1867-71, Charles T. Reifsnider; 1871-75, Richard B. Norment; 1875-81, David N. Henning.

Registers of Wills.

1837-53, John Baumgartner; 1853-65, Joseph M. Parke; 1865-67, Henry H. Herbaugh; 1867-73, Joseph M. Parke; 1873-79, Henry E. Beltz; 1879-81, J. Oliver Wadlow.

Judges of the Orphans' Court.

1837-39, Abraham Wampler, William Jameson, Robert Hudson; 1839-42, Nimrod Frizell, Michael Sullivan, Michael Barnitz; 1842-45, Michael Sullivan, Jesse Manning, John B. Boyle; 1845-48, Jacob Matthias, William Shepherd, Mordecai G. Cockey; 1848-51, Basil Hayden, William Fisher, George W. Manro; 1851-55, George W. Manro, Levi Buffington, Michael Sullivan; 1855-59, Michael Sullivan, Horatio Price, Thomas S. Brown; 1859-63, Horatio Price, John Thomson, Joshua C. Gist; 1863-67, John Thomson, Joseph Schaeffer, Thomas S. Brown, Michael Baughman (part of 1863); 1867-70, Jacob Powder; 1867— 71, Levi Buffington, Hanson T. Webb; 1870-71, Ira B. Crouse; 1871-79, Adam Shower, Isaac O. Baile; 1873-72, Upton Hoop; 1872-79, L. P. Slingluff, Granville T. Hering (chief justice), William Frizell, Milchour F. Allgire.

Auditors to the Circuit Court as a Court of Equity.

September term, 1837, James M. Shellman; April term, 1851, Abner Neal; April term, 1862, Charles T. Reifsnider; Jan. 1, 1867, Augustus D. Shaeffer; Nov. 29, 1867, John J. Baumgartner.

County Surveyors.

Charles W. Hood, Jacob Kerlinger, James Kelly, J. Henry Hoppe, J. William Everhart, Francis Warner, J. Henry Hoppe (deceased in 1881).

County School Commissioners.

Aug. 7, 1865, to April 27, 1868, Jacob H. Christ, Washington Senseney, Zachariah Ebaugh, Andrew K. Shriver, Joshua Yingling, Andrew J. Wilhelm, James V. Cresswell, Peter Engel; Secretary, William A. Wampler. April 27, 1863, to Jan. 3, 1870 (appointed by county commissioners). Sterling Gait, Reuben Saylor, Isaac Winchester, L. A. J. Lamotte, Dr. J. W. Steele, George A. Shower, John K. Longwell, Lewis Green, W. P. Anderson, Jacob Sharrets, Peter Shriner; Joseph Davis, counsel; Joseph M. Newson, secretary, treasurer, and examiner. Jan. 3, 1870, to Jan. 3, 1872 (elected by the people), Daniel H. Rudolph, Robert C. McKinney, Charles H. Gilbert, Jacob H. Cranmer, W. N. Matthews, Dr. J. W. Steele, David T. Schaeffer, Isaac Winchester, Joseph B. Dehoff, W. P. Anderson, Solomon Shepherd, Job Hibberd; Counsel, R. B. Norment; Secretary, Treasurer, and Examiner, J. M. Newson. Jan. 3, 1872, to 1881 (appointed by the court). Dr. William Reindollar vice R. C. McKinney, Alfred Zollickoffer, Francis H. Bering, David Prugh, William Reese; Counsel, John E. Smith; Secretary, Treasurer, and Examiner, Joseph M. Newson.

County Commissioners.

1837-39, William Shepherd, Sterling Gait, John Erb, Joshua C. Gist, Joseph Steele, Jacob Reese, John Lamotte, Nimrod Gardner, Henry N. Brinkman; 1839 to 1843, William Shaw, John Roop, of Joseph, Daniel Stall, Peter Hull, Eli Hewitt, Frederick Ritter, Jacob Shaeffer, William Houck, Joshua Barber; 1843-45, William Shaw, John Adelsperger, John Roop, Lewis Shue, Peter Hull, George Bromwell, Eli Hewitt, .James Morgan, Frederick Ritter, Jacob Shaffer, William Houck, Larkin Buckingham; 1845-48, Henry Carter, Samuel Evans, Peter Geiger, Richard Richards, David B. Earhart, David Cassell, Frederick Bauchman, Elias Grimes, G. W. Gorsuch; 1848-51, James Crouse, Cornelius Faust, David Feever, Daniel Bush, John H. Lindsey, George Crouse, Joseph Orendorff, George Richards, Jr., Bennett Spurrier; 1851-54, James Crouse, Thomas Smith, George L. Little, Jacob Wickert, Julius B. Berrett, George Crouse, Jacob Grove, George Richards, Jr., Bennett Spurrier; 1854-56 (now elected by the people), John Cover, Jonathan Dorsey, Michael Baughman; 1856-58, Benjamin Shunk, Jacob H. Christ, John Malehorn; 1858-60, Andrew K. Shriver, Jacob Morelock, G. W. Gorsuch; 1860-62, A. K. Shriver, H. W. Dell, Zachariah Ebaugh; 1862-64, Benjamin Shunk, Thomas F. Shepherd, John H. Chew; 1861-06, same board; 1866-68, Thomas Paytnter, John H. Chew, Thomas F. Shepherd; 1808-70, Josiah Adelsperger, Upton Roop, Jabez A. Bush; 1870-72, Jacob Sharretts, Josiah Adelsperger, Upton Roop; 1872-74, Josephus H. Hoppe, G. K. Frank, Joseph Spurrier; 1874-76. M. C. McKinstry, John W. Murray, John O. Devries; 1876-78, same board; 1878-80, Jonas S. Harner, John J. Abbott, David Fowble; 1880-82, J. K. Longwell, W. C. Polk, Francis Warner.

Clerks to Commissioners.

1837-39, Otho Shipley; 1839-45, Basil Root vice Andrew Grammer, resigned; 1845-48, Otho Shipley; 1848-56, Jacob Myerly; 1856-64, James Blizzard; 1864-68, Levi Valentine; 1868-72, James Blizzard; 1872-78, James A. Bush; 1878-80, L. C. Trumbo; 1880-82, Joseph A. Waesche.

Collectors of Taxes.

1837-39, Thomas Hook; 1839-45, Tobias Cover; 1845-48, Josiah Baumgartner; 1848-51, Richard Manning; 1851-54, Tobias Cover; 1856-58, S. R. Gore; 1858-60, .John T. Diffenbough; 1860-62, James Campbell; 1874-78, Jabez Bush; 1878-30, L. C. Trumbo; 1880-82, Joseph A. Waesche.

Attorneys to Commissioners.

1837-39. James Raymond; 184.3-45, William P. Maulsby; 1845 -43, C. Birnie, Jr.; 1848-51, Joseph M. Parke; 1851-56, E. F. Croat; 1856-60, C. W. Webster; 1868-76, Charles B. Roberts; 1876-31, Richard B. Norment.

Members of Congress.

Peter Little, Elias Brown, Dr. Jacob Shower, Charles B. Roberts.

Members of Constitutional Conventions.

1851, Elias Brown, Dr. Jacob Shower, Joseph M. Parke, A. G. Ege, Mordecai G. Cockey; 1864, Dr. John Swope, John E. Smith, Jonas Ecker, William S. Wooden; 1867, William N. Hayden, George W. Manro, Thomas F. Cover, Sterling Gait, Benjamin W. Bennett, John K. Longwell.

State Senators.

1838-44, William P. Maulsby; 1844-50, William Roberts; 1850 -55, John K. Longwell; 1855-57, Dr. Francis T. Davis; 1857-62, John E. Smith; 1862-64, Jacob Campbell; 1864 -67, Dr. James L. Billingslea; 1867-70, Dr. Nathan Brown; 1870-74, John K. Longwell; 1874-78, James Fenner Lee; 1878-82, Henry Vanderford.

Members of the House of Delegates.

1837-38, Dr. Jacob Shower, James G. Berrett, John B. Boyle, Jacob Powder; 1839, Joseph M. Parker, George Bramwell, George Crabbs, Thomas Hook; 1840, John B. Boyle, Dr. Jacob Shower, Samuel D. Lecompte, Daniel Stall; 1841, John B. Boyle, Jacob Powder, Dr. Francis T. Davis, Daniel Stall; 1842, Elias Brown, Samuel D. Lecompte, Jacob Powder, William Shaw; 1843, Samuel Ecker, Jacob Powder, William Shaw, Daniel Stall; 1844, James Raymond, John Thomson, Micajah Rogers, Joseph Ebaugh; 1345, Thomas Hook, James M. Shellman, Abraham Wampler; 1346, A. G. Ege, James M. Shellman, Upton Scott, Charles Devilbiss; 1847, John B. Boyle, Nicholas Kelly, Tobias Cover, Jacob Powder; 1849, Elias Brown, Samuel A. Lauver, George Motter, Lewis Trumbo; 1851, Elijah F. Crout, Dr. J. E. H. Ligget, Daniel Stall; 1854, Thomas Smith, Robert T. Dade, Josiah Baugher; 1856, Stephen T. C. Brown, David Buffington. John E. Smith; 1858, Samuel McKinstry, Milton Day, Samuel Reindollar; 1860, Dr. B. Mill-s John W. Gorsuch, David Roop; 1861, Somerset R. Waters, George Everhart, Warren L. Little (December session): 1862, Jonas Ecker, John N. Starr, Somerset R. Waters: 1864, Moses Shaw, George Everhart, John W. Angel, William S. Wooden, N. D. Norris: 1865, William A. Wampler, Benjamin Poole, James V. Criswell, E. F. Benton, S. R. Gore: 1868, Henry S. Davis, John H. Jordon, John W. Hardin, Benjamin Worthington: 1870, William H. Crouse, Airhart Winters, George A. Shower, John H. Jordon; 1872, James H. Steele, Lewis A. J. Lamotte, Trusten Polk, H. H. Lamotte; 1874, Henry Vanderford, Henry Gall, Dr. S. R. Waters, Thomas C. Brown; 1876, Frank Brown, H. H. Lamotte, Dr. Jacob Rinehart, Dr. S. R. Waters; 1878, Frank T. Newbelle, T. Herbert Shriver, Robert Sellman, Sr., Frank Brown; 1880, William T. Smith, T. Herbert Shriver, Robert Sellman, Sr., Benjamin F. Crouse; 1882, Henry Gait, Edward W. Leeds, David A. C. Webster, Joseph W. Berret.

Miscellaneous Officials in 1881.

Assistant School Examiner, Orlando Reese; Deputy County Clerks, George A. Miller, N. Bruce Boyle, James A, Diffenbaugh; Deputy Register of Wills, George M. Parke.

Bench and Bar. — The bar of Maryland since the days of Luther Martin has enjoyed a national reputation for the ability, eloquence, and sound opinions of its members. It has been mainly recruited from the counties of the State, and some of its most eloquent advocates have been reared amid rural surroundings and their pure influences. The local bars at the smaller county-seats are seldom heard of beyond the circumscribed area of their practice, and yet men frequently pass their lives at these provincial points whose energies and abilities, exerted in wider fields, would have commanded fame and wealth. They are useful in their day and generation, and perhaps, after all, the approval of their own consciences, and the esteem of those who know them best, is a more enduring reward than the fleeting praises of the multitude, or the honors which leave canker and corrosion behind.

At the first meeting of the Circuit Court of Carroll County in 1837, William P. Maulsby, James Raymond, James M. Shellman, Arthur F. Shriver, and T. Parkin Scott were admitted to practice. Of these but one now remains.

Col. William P. Maulsby, in the fullness of years, but with unabated vigor, still represents the interests of his clients in the leading courts of the State, and many a more youthful attorney envies the elasticity of mind and knowledge of law which he displays. Col. Maulsby was born in Harford County, Md,, and after careful training selected law as a profession. He removed to Frederick, where he practiced until the creation of the county of Carroll, when he removed to Westminster, and was appointed by the court the first State's attorney of the new county. He filled this position with great credit until 1846. He was also the first State senator from Carroll, and was an active and influential member of the higher branch of the State Legislature for eight years. At the breaking out of the civil war Col. Maulsby's convictions were decidedly in favor of the Union, and he gave practical direction to his opinions by taking command of a Maryland regiment in the Army of the Potomac, where he saw much active service. Upon his retirement from the army he resumed the practice of his profession in Frederick City, and he was appointed by the Governor, Jan. 20, 1870, chief judge of the Sixth Judicial District of Maryland, composed of the counties of Frederick and Montgomery, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Madison Nelson. He filled this position acceptably until his successor was chosen at the November election. He is now the senior member of the bar in Carroll County, has an extensive practice, and stands deservedly high in the legal profession.

Thomas Parkin Scott, one of the pioneers of the Carroll County bar, was born in Baltimore in 1804, and educated at St. Mary's College. He studied law with an elder brother, and was admitted to the bar in Baltimore, where he soon acquired a large practice. He was the auditor of the Equity Court for many years. He was at one time a member of the City Council of Baltimore, and served several terms in the Maryland Legislature, of which body he was a member at the breaking out of the war in 1861. He was arrested by the military because of his sympathies with the South, and confined successively in Forts McHenry, Lafayette, and Warren during a period of fourteen months. It is related of him that while confined in Fort Warren a Northern preacher requested to be allowed to preach to the Southern prisoners, which was acceded to provided the latter were permitted to select the text. Judge Scott selected Acts XXV. 27: " It seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner and not withal to signify the crimes laid against him." The prisoners did not receive the benefit of the clergyman's ministrations on that occasion. Judge Scott was elected judge of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City in 1867, and was made chief judge of the Supreme Bench in the following year, both of which positions he held until his death, Oct. 13, 1873. In politics he was a stern, uncompromising Democrat, and in religion a sincere convert to the Catholic faith. As a judge, he was upright, impartial, and wise, and as a man, he was beloved and lamented by the community in which he had lived.

Col. James M. Shellman was born in Louisville, Ga., Sept. 8, 1801. His wife was a daughter of Philip Jones, of the " Gallipot" farm, in Baltimore County, who was a soldier in the war of 1812. The grandfather of Mrs. Shellman was the first register of wills for Baltimore County, and her great-grandfather was Philip Jones, the surveyor who laid out the town of Baltimore in 1730. Col. Shellman was the auditor of the court of Carroll County from its organization in 1837 until his death, which occurred Jan. 14, 1851. His long service is sufficient evidence of the faithful performance of the duties appertaining to the position. He was an active and influential member of the House of Delegates of Maryland in 1845 and 1846.

James Raymond was State's attorney from 1846 to 1847, and a member of the House of Delegates of Maryland in 1844.

Samuel D. Lecompte was a member of the House of Delegates in 1842.

Charles W. Webster was a son of Rev. Isaac Webster, a pioneer preacher, and served several years as deputy attorney-general.

John E. Smith was judge of the Circuit Court from 1864 to 1867, and his law-partner. Col. William A. McKellip, was clerk of the court from 1862 to 1867.

Hon, John E. Smith was born at Westminster, on the 19th of January, 1830, and received his education at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, where he graduated in 1849. Returning home he determined to study law, and entered the office of the distinguished lawyer, J. M. Palmer, at Frederick City. After a thorough course of study he was admitted to the bar at Westminster, on the 2nd of September, 1851, and at once secured the respect and esteem of the profession and the confidence of his fellow-citizens. His success at the bar was rapid and pronounced, and he soon acquired an extensive popularity and influence in politics. In 1856 he was elected to the State Legislature, and took a very active and prominent part, with Hon. Anthony Kennedy, William M. Travers, William T. Merrick, and others, in securing the repeal of the stamp tax and in effecting other reforms. In 1857 he was elected to the Senate of Maryland, and in 1859 re-elected to the same body. In 1864 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention which abolished slavery in this State. Upon the adoption of the constitution of 1864, Judge Smith was elected judge of the Fourth Judicial Circuit, comprising the counties of Carroll and Howard. During the three years he occupied a position on the bench he discharged his duties in so careful and impartial a manner that when the State was redistricted under the constitution of 1867, he retired with the confidence and respect of the people of the two counties without reference to party. In 1870 he was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Fourth, now the Sixth, Congressional District, but was defeated. During the session of the Legislature of that year, upon the election of Governor Whyte to the United States Senate, Judge Smith was unanimously selected by the Republican members and voted for as Governor of the State, but was defeated by Governor Groome. Judge Smith has repeatedly served as elector at large upon the Republican Presidential ticket, and as delegate to various district, State, and National Conventions. On the death of Judge Giles he was prominently mentioned for United States District Judge of Maryland, and again in 1879 as Republican candidate for Governor of Maryland. On the latter occasion he publicly announced that he was not an aspirant for any office, and that he intended thenceforth to devote himself exclusively to the pursuit of his profession. This declaration was received with regret by the general public, as well as by his many friends of all shades of political opinion throughout the State, as Judge Smith had always borne, and still bears, the highest reputation as a lawyer and a man. He is now in the prime of life, and in the active practice of his profession, which is very large and lucrative. Judge Smith is regarded as being one of the soundest and ablest lawyers in the State, and enjoys a personal influence in his community which is the legitimate fruit of a life of the strictest rectitude in all his relations, and of scrupulous fidelity in discharging every trust that has been confided to him. He has never sought office, and all the nominations bestowed upon him were entirely without any solicitation on his part. In fact, it was only after repeated and urgent requests that he ever consented to serve the people. He has never been a bitter partisan, but at the same time has always been a zealous and consistent member of the Republican party; and to his uniformly conservative and temperate course is to be ascribed much of the well-earned popularity which he enjoys.

Hon. Charles Boyle Roberts, ex-congressman and one of Carroll County's leading lawyers, was born in Uniontown, Carroll Co., April 19, 1842. His father (John Roberts) and his mother (Catharine A. Boyle) were natives of Uniontown, and his ancestors were among the earliest settlers of the vicinity. Charles B. Roberts was educated at Calvert College, New Windsor, where he graduated in 1861. Directly thereafter he began the study of the law with Hon. William N. Hayden (now one of the associate judges of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit), and in 1864, being admitted to the bar, made his residence in Westminster, where he has lived and practiced his profession ever since. In 1868 he was chosen on the Democratic ticket as one of the Presidential electors from Maryland, and six years later (in 1874) was elected to Congress from the Second District of Maryland, composed of the counties of Cecil, Harford, and Carroll, and all of Baltimore County save the First and Thirteenth Election Districts. His majority over John T. Ensor, the Republican candidate, was 2444 in a total vote of 18,920. During his term he served on the Committee of the Levees of the Mississippi River and on the Committee of Accounts, of which latter he became the chairman upon the transfer of the former chairman (James D. Williams) to the Governorship of Indiana. Mr. Roberts introduced a bill providing for the equalization of the tax on State and national banks, and supported his measure in a speech that attracted marked attention. His record in the Forty-fourth Congress was so creditable that he was nominated by acclamation for a seat in the Forty-fifth, and out of a total vote of 27,017, gained over J. Morrison Harris, the Republican candidate, a majority of 3149. His earlier experience and the generous development of his capacity as a statesman rendered his service in the Forty-fifth Congress singularly useful not only to his own district but to the State of Maryland. He served as chairman of the Committee on Accounts, and discharged his duties with rare discrimination and judgment. He was likewise a member of the Committee on Commerce, and in that capacity accomplished much beneficial work for the State. He secured liberal appropriations for the improvement of Baltimore Harbor, and was chiefly instrumental in the passage of the bill granting a portion of the Fort McHenry reservation as the site of the new dry-dock. He bent his best energies to effect a revision of the tariff law, under which Baltimore has suffered the loss of her sugar and coffee trade, and opposed with earnestness and vigor the proposed subsidy to John Roach's line of Brazilian steamers. In a strong speech against that measure he concluded as follows:

"In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, permit me to say that while the pending amendment may possess attractions for some because of the supposed advantages which are expected to accrue to the localities named in it, and while the prosperity of a thrifty and enterprising city may be destroyed by the exercise of an unjust, arbitrary, and doubtful power of the Federal government in seeking to build up and foster a trade which private enterprise has failed to develop, I yet sincerely question whether the victory thus gained will commend itself to the plain, sober second thought of those who are its advocates to-day. The wrong thus accomplished will not fail to seek a compensation. Time will furnish the opportunity, and circumstances will shape the occasion. We are not here to legislate for any particular locality, but we come here under the provisions of the Constitution, which in plain terms declares that 'no preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another.' It is but a few weeks since we passed the inter-State commerce bill, in obedience to a public sentiment which demanded that unjust discriminations should not be imposed upon the citizens of one State or locality in favor of those of another; and if this amendment is to become a law it will very manifestly appear that we do not object to the general government's crushing the prosperity of a great and flourishing city, but we will not permit the corporations of the country to exercise any such right, that being a special reservation of Congress. How different was Mr. Webster's view of this subject, as presented in his speech in the Senate, March 7, 1850, when he said, —

" 'If there be any matter pending in this body, while I am a member of it, in which Massachusetts has an interest of her own not averse to the general interests of the country, I shall pursue her instructions with gladness of heart and with all the efficiency which I can bring to the occasion. But if the question be one which affects her interest, and at the same time equally affects the interests of all the other States, I shall no more regard her particular wishes or instructions than I should regard the wishes of a man who might appoint me an arbitrator or referee to decide some question of important private right between him and his neighbor and then instruct me to decide in his favor. If ever there was a government upon earth it is this government; if ever there was a body upon earth it is this body, which should consider itself as composed by agreement of all, each member appointed by some, but organized by the general consent of all sitting here, under the solemn obligations of oath and conscience, to do that which they think to be best for the good of the whole.'

"Sir, when we shall have reached the conclusion that the highest obligations we owe to the government is to make it subserve the wants of one State, utterly disregarding the rights of the others; when we shall resort to combinations of doubtful propriety to purchase successful legislative action: when we can afford to ignore past friendly relations, and upon mercenary motives seek new alliances, personal and political, it will not be long ere we shall realize —

'How nations sink, by darling schemes oppressed,

When Vengeance listens to the fool's request.' "

As chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Mr. Roberts perfected a measure for a thorough reorganization of the United States Life-Saving Service, and enjoyed the gratification not only of securing the passage of the act, but of receiving the warmest approval of his work abroad as well as at home. At the close of his term in the Forty-fifth Congress he decided to resume the practice of the law and to retire from public life. In recognition of his valuable services in Congress he was tendered, in the spring of 1879, by leading citizens of Baltimore, a complimentary banquet at the Mount Vernon Hotel. The following is the letter of invitation:

" Baltimore, March 7, 1879.

"Hon. Charles B. Roberts, Westminster. Md.:

" Dear Sir, — A number of your friends here among our business men have been desiring for some time to make you some acknowledgment of the earnestness and ability with which you have dedicated yourself in the House of Representatives to the furtherance of the business interests of this community. There has been no measure of importance to the prosperity of Baltimore in the promotion of which you have not taken an active and useful part, or in which we have not had occasion to be grateful to you for your accessibility and courtesy, as well as for the intelligence and great efficiency of your labors. The adjournment of Congress affords us the desired opportunity, and we beg that you will do us the favor to meet us at dinner on Thursday, the 13th of March, at 7 p.m., or at such other time as may better suit your convenience.

" It will he agreeable to you, we are sure, to know that while the gentlemen whom you will oblige by accepting this invitation represent all shades of political opinion, they are of hearty accord in their estimate of your impartial fidelity as a public servant, and in their high personal respect and esteem for you. "We are, dear sir, with great regard,

" Truly yours,

" S. T. Wallis. William H. Perot.

John W. Garrett. Henry C. Smith.

Decatur H. Miller. Christian Ax.

Enoch Pratt. Daniel J. Foley.

James Hodges. J. D. Kremelberg.

Washington Booth. S. P. Thompson.

Robert A. Fisher. James A. Gary.

John I. Middleton. John S. Gilman.

Israel M. Parr. Robert Garrett.

Stephen Bonsal. Walter B. Brooks.

O. W. Humrickhouse. Charles D. Fisher.

Richard D. Fisher. Charles A. Councilman.

James Carey Coale. James E. Tate.

Robert T. Baldwin. William Keyser.

John E. Hurst. Louis Muller.

William H. Graham. F. C. Latrobe.

R. W. Cator. H. M. Warfield.

George B. Coale. Basil Wagner.

John L. Thomas, Jr. P. H. MacGill.

George P. Frick. S. E. Hoogewerff.

James Sloan, Jr."

Although he has not been a candidate for public office since the close of his last congressional term, Mr. Roberts has nevertheless been frequently called to occupy positions of prominence in connection with public and private enterprises. In June, 1880, he was sent as a delegate to the National Convention at Cincinnati that nominated Gen. Hancock to the Presidency, and as a member of the Democratic State Convention of 1881, was appointed one of the committee selected to draft a new registration bill for the State. He is one of the managers of the Maryland House of Correction, and in his own town and county occupies a prominent place in connection with projects devoted to the public welfare. He is a director of the Union National Bank of Westminster, as well as of the Westminster Gaslight Company, and of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and president of the recently-organized Westminster Water Works Company. In 1875 Mount St. Mary's College, of Emmittsburg, Md., conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. His chosen profession has ever found in him an ardent devotee, and to its pursuit he gives his warmest efforts and most zealous ambition, encouraged by the knowledge that his labors find ample reward and bear abundant fruit. He was married Nov. 10, 1863, to Annie E., daughter of Col. John T. Mathias, of Maryland. At his home in Westminster he dispenses a genial hospitality that is widely known and warmly esteemed among the many who have from time to time been privileged to share it.

Politically, Mr. Roberts has always been a zealous but conservative Democrat, and while he has steadily adhered to the regular organization of that party, he has exhibited on all occasions an independence and conscientiousness in the discharge of his duties, both as a member of the Democratic party and as a public official, which have secured him the highest confidence and respect of the best elements in both parties. He has frequently been mentioned in various quarters as the Democratic candidate for Governor. With exceptional abilities as a lawyer Mr. Roberts combines the qualities of a sound and practical judgment and remarkable business energy and tact, qualities which, together with his attractive personal characteristics, have secured him an enviable popularity throughout the State as well as in his own immediate community, where he is best known and most thoroughly appreciated. In fact, he is one of the most enterprising, progressive, and influential gentlemen in the State, not only as a public man of the best and most honorable type, but also as a sound and well-read lawyer and a highly-successful and prosperous businessman.

The three attorneys who have been longest at the bar of Carroll County are Judge Maulsby, C. W. Webster, Joseph M. Parke, the last having been register of wills from 1869 to 1873.

Literature and art are essentially the products of life in the country. The freedom of the woods and fields, the rippling streams, the hills and valleys, and the health-giving atmosphere uncontaminated by the thousand impurities of large cities, seem necessary for the nurture and development of genius. Nature in her simplest and grandest forms there excites the imagination and fosters the creative faculty in man. However great may be the influence of culture and accumulated experience and example, only to be obtained in great cities, the narrow ruts of life in a metropolis and the concentration of all the powers of body and mind in one direction are unfavorable to the production or early development of genius, and hence it is found that a very large proportion of the really great poets, painters, and sculptors of the world have been born in the country, and very many have passed their early years there. Carroll County in this regard has been no exception to the rule. Artiste and poets have been born within her borders whom the world will not willingly let die, some whose works have received the approval of distant lands and whose names are spoken with homage in all cultivated households. The aggregations of books and master-pieces in large cities and the splendid advantages which wealth has extended through the instrumentality of schools of design, conservatories, and colleges makes it of the first importance that the devotees of art and literature should seek the great centers of civilization and avail themselves of the resources so lavishly supplied. True genius is never appalled by obstacles, and so it generally happens that those who recognize its promptings sooner or later work their way to the attainment of their wishes, and the city rather than the country is a gainer by their reputation. Few countries can present nature to the inspired student of art in more beautiful or more varied aspects than are to be found in Carroll County. Almost every phase of natural scenery is illustrated within her borders, from the landscapes of simple pastoral beauty to the rugged and sublime outlines of the lofty peaks of the Blue Ridge, and some of these scenes have been faithfully reflected in the works of her sons, who have sought the distinction elsewhere that they could not expect at home.

In 1850 there was to be seen at the Chesapeake Bank a sculptured bust of Andrew Jackson, which had been presented to Col. J. S. Gittings by the Messrs. F. M. & H. F. Baughman. It was the work of an apprentice to the Messrs. Baughman, named Reinhart. It was executed chiefly at night, after the hours of labor, and was the first effort of his chisel. " The excellence of the work gives promise of high attainment in this beautiful art, and leads us to hope that Maryland may yet be able to give to the world some enduring memento of the age in one of the most admirable departments of human genius." Such was the greetings of encouragement which the first work of young Reinhart received, and the contemporaneous description of the first work of his chisel.

William H. Reinhart was born in Carroll County, Md., about the year 1826; his father was a well-to-do farmer of German descent, living near Westminster, in that county, and characterized by thrift, perseverance, and economy. All the children were actively employed about the farm, and received the rudiments of an English education at a school in Westminster. When a mere boy young Reinhart evinced very great interest in the working of the marble quarries that abounded in the neighborhood, and in this particular he found opportunity for the bent of his genius in the quarry and stone-cutting yard on his father's farm. At the age of sixteen, with his father's consent, he came to Baltimore, and presented himself at the store of Andrew Gregg, on Franklin Street, to whom his father was in the habit of consigning produce of his farm. He told Mr. Gregg that he desired to apprentice himself to some useful trade, and preferred that of marble-working, with which he already had some familiarity. He was immediately taken to the marble-yard and stone-cutting establishment of Baughman & Bevan, and engaged as an apprentice by that firm. He proved himself to be a steady and industrious youth, with a taste for reading and study which he gratified at night by regular attendance at the Maryland Institute and School of Design, where his favorite studies were mythology, ancient history, anatomy, architecture, and books on art and artists. He continued the improving studies for several years, and before his majority his chisel and proficiency obtained for him the execution of all the fine work on mantles of the establishment of the Messrs. Baughman. When twenty-three years of age he was made foreman of the establishment and gave full satisfaction to his employers. In 1855 he left Baltimore for Italy to prosecute the higher studies of his art with a full knowledge of practical marble-working. He prosecuted his studies with great diligence at Florence, where he went to reside, working with other young artists on trial for wages. He returned to Baltimore in 1857, bringing with him two beautiful basso-relievos in panel of " Night and Morning," which were purchased by Augustus J. Albert. He returned to Italy in 1858, and made his residence at Rome, where he remained, with the exception of short trips to Baltimore, until his death in 1874.

Probably the greatest event in the life of the young artist was the unveiling of the Taney statue at Annapolis, Dec. 10, 1872. This heroic statue of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in bronze had been ordered by the Legislature of Maryland, and was erected in front of the State-House. On that occasion there were assembled in the Senate chamber the leading representatives of the State in politics, at the bar, in literature and art, to hear the addresses of S. Teackle Wallis and Governor William Pinkney Whyte. Mr. Wallis alluded to the fact that the appropriation by the State had not been sufficient compensation to the artist for such a work, and recognized the liberality and public spirit of the artist in accepting and executing the work notwithstanding. " The figure," Mr. Wallis said, " had been treated in the spirit of that noble and absolute simplicity which is the type of the highest order of greatness, and is therefore its grandest, though its most difficult, expression in art." In 1872 the statue of Clytie, which is Reinhart's masterpiece in marble, was exhibited in Baltimore, attracting the admiration of thousands of her people. It was purchased by John W. McCoy, and placed in the Peabody Gallery of Art as a gift to the citizens of Baltimore. Among the other works of this artist are the bronze doors of the Capitol at Washington, begun by Crawford, and completed after four years of labor by Reinhart; the statuettes on the clock of the House of Representatives, as well as the statue on the fountain in the General Post-office at Washington; Endymion, now owned by J. W. Garrett; Antigone, owned by Mr. Hall, of New York; Hero, for A. J. Albert, of Baltimore; Leander, owned by Mr. Riggs, of Washington; the Woman of Samaria, for W. T. Walters, of Baltimore; the bronze monumental figure at the tomb of Mrs. W. T. Walters, in Greenmount Cemetery; and the " Sleeping Children," in marble, in the lot of Hugh Sisson, as well as many other works in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Boston, Loudon Park Cemetery, Baltimore, and many busts of citizens of Baltimore.

William H. Reinhart died in Rome on Wednesday, Oct. 28, 1874, in the forty-eighth year of his age, having fully enabled his native State, Maryland, " to give to the world" not only " some," but many " enduring mementoes of the age in one of the most admirable departments of human genius." By his will he attested further his great love for art; after amply providing for relatives he directed that his executors, W. T. Walters and B. F. Newcomer, of Baltimore, should apply the residue of his estate, according to their best judgment, to the promotion of interest in and cultivation of taste for art, by the following clause of his will:

"Third, Being desirous of aiding in the promotion of a more highly cultivated taste for art among the people of my native State, and of assisting young men in the study of the art of sculpture who may desire to make it a profession, but having at the present time no definite plan in view for the accomplishment of these objects, I give, devise, and bequeath all the rest and residue of my estate, real, personal, and mixed, and wheresoever situated, unto my two personal friends, William T. Walters and Benjamin F. Newcomer, of the city of Baltimore, or the survivor of them, or the heirs, executor, or administrator of such survivor, in trust and confidence, with the injunction that the whole of said residue of my estate or the proceeds thereof shall be devoted and appropriated by them, according to their best judgment and discretion, to the promotion of the objects and purposes named above; and if in the opinion of my said trustees this can be best accomplished by any concert of action with the trustees of the Peabody Institute, or by the establishment of a professorship in connection with the Gallery of Art, which at some future time is to be provided for by that corporation, or by the investment of any portion of the funds so held by them in trust, and aiding from the income derived from such investments deserving young men who are desirous of pursuing their studies abroad, but are without the means of doing so, they, my said trustees, are at liberty to adopt any or all or none of these methods, or to transfer the trust or the estate so held by them in trust to any corporation which in their judgment would best serve the purpose indicated."

Willie T. Hoppe was the second son of Hannah and the late Jacob D. Hoppe, of Carroll County. His life in some important features resembled that of Chatterton, the boy-poet of England. At an age when most children realize their highest pleasure in a game of marbles or hide-and-seek, his mind was at work like the piston-rod of a steam-engine, grinding out tales, editorials, and local histories in a ceaseless flow. His mental faculties and energy far outstripped his weak and sickly body, and absolutely wore it out before he arrived at man's estate. His first essay in literature was as the editor and publisher of an amateur journal entitled The Boys' Rights, which astounded the neighbors and friends of his family by the extraordinary precocity exhibited in its contents. He subsequently conducted the Amphion Journal and Cupid's Messenger, and, as president of the Amateur Press Association, still surprised his friends and the public not only by the marvelous maturity of his intellect, but by a display of executive ability which his years and experience did not appear to justify. In 1878 he entered the office of Charles Poe, of Baltimore, as a law-student, but it soon became painfully evident that while his mind was ripening and brightening with study and training, his body was gradually wasting away before the inroads of some insidious malady, and he died July 24, 1880, in the twentieth year of his age. In his literary efforts and on his papers he was frequently assisted by Miss Mary Shellman, a lady of rare literary attainments, whose historical contributions to the press have earned for her a merited reputation as a writer. Dr. Washington Chew Van Bibber was born in Frederick, now Carroll, Co., Md., July 24, 1824. His family settled in that section very early in the history of the State, and soon acquired influence and prominence. After a thorough course of study at a number of colleges, Dr. Van Bibber entered the office of Prof Nathan R. Smith, of Baltimore, and matriculated at the University of Maryland, from whence he graduated in 1845. After some years spent in the South, where he had an opportunity to familiarize himself with the yellow fever in all its phases, — that dread pest of Southern cities, — he returned to Baltimore and began the practice of his profession. His practice rapidly increased, and with it his reputation as a skillful and excellent physician, and to-day he is fully the equal of any of the galaxy of physicians who have made Baltimore famous as a center of instruction in the healing art. As a writer. Dr. Van Bibber deserves especial mention. Few have recently added more to the literature of medicine. From 1856 to 1859 he was associate editor of the Virginia Medical Journal, and from 1859 to 1861 he was associate editor of the Maryland and Virginia Medical Journal, and he has contributed a large number of papers to the various medical periodicals of the day, replete with interest and valuable scientific information.

Thomas E. Van Bibber, a relative of Dr. Van Bibber, is a native of Carroll County, but is now a resident of California. He early developed a taste for literature, and many of his youthful efforts will compare favorably with those of more pretentious poets and authors. He is best known by his poem, " The Flight into Egypt," a work exhibiting considerable power, a beautiful fancy, and a true conception of the poet's vocation. It was very favorably received by American critics, and has stood the test of time remarkably well. His many miscellaneous prose efforts have added to his reputation as a cultured and popular writer.

For many years the meetings of the " Addison Reunion Association" constituted a delightful feature of society in Westminster. The organization was literary in character, and a number of the most cultivated and influential citizens were members and contributors. The intention was to combine social with literary recreation, and for a longer time than usually occurs to such associations the effort was successful. The papers read before it took a wide range, embracing poetry, history, art, science, and the various branches of polite literature. In 1871, Dr. Charles Billingslea compiled " The Addison Reunion Papers," a neat volume of three hundred pages, containing the choicest of the papers delivered before the society during its existence, and embracing selections from the writings of Emma Alice Browne, the poetess, and authoress of '' Ariadne," Rev. Josiah Varden, Rev. James T. Ward, D.D., Mrs. Albert Billingslea, Rev. David Wilson, D.D., Dr. Charles Billingslea, Isaac E. Pearson, Mrs. Carrie Brockett Anderson, Miss Ada Billingslea, and Thomas E. Van Bibber. The " Addison Reunion Association" gave its closing entertainment June 9, 1871, at the " Montour House," a noted hostelry, which derived its name from the famous Indian chief of that name who flourished in colonial times.

The religious denominations of Carroll County recognizing the paramount value of religious instruction through the instrumentality of Sabbath-schools, and anxious to extend their influence and usefulness, consulted together as to the best method of accomplishing this desirable result. Their deliberations culminated in 1867 in a county Sabbath-school association, to be composed of delegates from all the Protestant denominations in the county. The second annual convention of the society was held in the Lutheran church at Westminster, Sept. 8, 1868. Rev. J. T. Ward, of the Methodist Protestant Church, was called to the chair, and H. B. Grammer appointed secretary. The districts were called, and the following delegates enrolled: Finksburg, John H. Chew, D. Ebaugh, A. Geisley, R. A. Smith, Wm. Cruise, Rev. W. T. Dunn; Hampstead, S. Ruby, Joseph Lippy; New Windsor, Clinton Hanna, Wm. A. Norris, Isaac C. Baile, Rev. Mr. Scarborough; Manchester, Rev. R. Weser, Jacob Campbell, Edmund Gender, D. Frankforter, Jos. Shearer, H. B. Lippy, D. W. Banner, J. T. Myers, Misses F. Crumrine, S. Trump, Ellen Trump, V. C. Weizer, Lizzie Earle; Myers, Jacob Wolfe, T. T. Tagg, J. Bankard; Middleburg, Thos. Newman, Wm. H. Boust, John W. Angell, Jacob Koons, A. E. Null, Albert Koons, John Feezer, Eli Hahn; Taneytown, Peter Mark, G. Stover, J. T. Clay; Uniontown, Revs. P. A. Strobel, J. T. Ward, J. T. Hedges, Van Meter, E. H. Smith, J. Monroe, W. C. Creamer, H. B. Grammer, Wm. H. Cunningham, G. W. Cecil, F. Herr, M. Baughman, H. L. Norris, E. Koons, R. Gorsuch, Josh Sellman, N. Pennington, J. N. Williams, Mrs. M. A. Wagner, Mrs. M. Cunningham, Misses Sanford, Sue Cassell, Annie Ocker. The committee appointed to select permanent officers reported the following nominations, which were unanimously confirmed:

President, Hon. John E. Smith; Vice-Presidents, J. W. Angell, David H. Webster, ––– Debough, Jacob Campbell, Alfred Zollickoffer, A. McKinney, C. D. Frieze, Joseph Ebaugh; Secretaries, H. B. Grammer and Wm. A. Baker.

The convention continued their interesting exercises until Thursday, June 10th, when they adjourned until their annual meeting in 1869.

The German Baptists sought the region embraced in Carroll County very soon after its settlement by white people, conceiving it to be a favorable field for their ministrations. Congregations have been established at Pipe Creek, Meadow Branch, Sam's Creek, New Windsor, Union Bridge, and Westminster. They are all under the charge of an ordained elder, who has five or six assistants. Philip Englar was the first elder in charge of whom there is any record, and served in this position from 1780 to 1810, when he was succeeded by David Englar, who had been his assistant for some years. The latter served from 1810 to 1833, and was followed by Philip Boyle, who occupied the position for thirty-five years, having been assisted by Michael Petry, Jesse Royer, Jesse Roop, David Miller, Howard Hillery, Hanson Senseny, and Solomon Stoner. Rev. Mr. Boyle was succeeded by Hanson Senseny as ordained elder. He served in that capacity until 1880, and was assisted by Solomon Stoner, E. W. Stoner, William Franklin, Amos Caylor, Joel Roop, and Uriah Bixley. The denomination in the county numbers between four and five hundred members.

Pipe Creek congregation, the mother of all the other German Baptist organizations in the county, and one of the oldest in Western Maryland, was established prior to the year 1780, and worshiped in a log building which stood at Pipe Creek. In 1806 their present church edifice was erected, since when it has been used constantly by the congregation. The church was repaired in 1866, having been enlarged and remodeled. It is now a plain brick structure, thirty-five by seventy-one feet, with a seating capacity for six hundred persons. The congregation numbers about one hundred members, who are very active in the interests of their church.

Meadow Branch church is situated about two miles from Westminster, on the plank road, and was erected in 1850. It is a stone structure, and was originally built thirty-five by fifty-five feet in dimensions, but was recently enlarged to the size of thirty-five by eighty feet. The congregation numbers about ninety members.

Sam's Creek German Baptist church was erected in 1860. It is situated on the old Liberty road, about two miles from Naill's Mill, up Sam's Creek, in New Windsor District. It is a frame building, very neat in appearance, about thirty by forty feet in size, and capable of holding one hundred and fifty people. About fifty members worship here.

New Windsor church was built and the congregation formed about the year 1873. It is a fine brick building, erected at a cost of sixteen hundred dollars, and is conveniently located on Church Street, in the town of New Windsor. The building in size is thirty by forty feet. About fifty members constitute the congregation at the present time, which is steadily increasing.

Union Bridge church, a beautiful little edifice, was erected in the town of Union Bridge in 1877. It is a brick building, situated on Broadway Street, thirty by forty-five feet in size, and cost eighteen hundred dollars. The seats are so arranged as to comfortably seat about four hundred persons. Fifty members comprise the congregation.

Westminster church was purchased by the German Baptist denomination from the Baptist Church in 1879, at a cost of two thousand two hundred dollars.

It has been several times attempted to divide the church in this county into three congregations or charges, viz.: Pipe Creek, to be composed of Pipe Creek and Union Bridge; Meadow Branch, to embrace Meadow Branch Church and Westminster; and Sam's Creek, composed of Sam's Creek and New Windsor. Although the efforts have thus far proved unsuccessful, doubtless this division will occur sooner or later.

A short distance from the German Baptist church at Pipe Creek, and one and a quarter miles from Uniontown, is the large German Baptist Cemetery, the first grave in which was dug in the year 1825.

Carroll County was not altogether free from the vicissitudes which characterized the war between the North and the South. At the beginning of the unfortunate struggle there was the same diversity of sentiment which existed in the other counties of Maryland, but those who favored the South were far inferior in numbers to the supporters of the Union. The young men volunteered freely in defense of their opinions, and it is estimated that the Federal army was supplied with eight hundred recruits from this section, while two hundred enthusiastic young men of Southern sympathies made their way through the Union lines into the camps of the Southern army. The contingents of Carroll in both armies fully maintained the character of her people for gallantry and true manhood. In June, 1863, the soil of Carroll echoed the tread of large bodies of armed men from both armies. A portion of the cavalry force belonging to the army of Northern Virginia passed through Westminster on its way to Gettysburg, and encountered a battalion of cavalry, which it dispersed or captured after a slight skirmish. The troops rested in the city during the night and proceeded on their way with the dawn. They had scarcely emerged from the city when the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac entered from the opposite side. Much excitement prevailed among the citizens, who had seen but little of either army, but their fears were groundless, as both detachments behaved with exemplary courtesy and evidenced thorough discipline. For some days the transportation wagons of the Union army were parked around the town and the streets presented an animated appearance, but they were moved to the front prior to the battle of Gettysburg. The booming of the cannon on that fatal field was heard with conflicting emotions by the friends of the combatants, and as the echoes died away the town relapsed into its wonted quiet. It was roused again in the succeeding year for a brief period by a raid of the Confederate forces under Gen. Bradley T. Johnson and Maj. Harry Gilmor, but as they had learned by experience that the presence of troops was not such a serious infliction as their fears had painted, the short visit of the Confederates was made rather an occasion of rejoicing than sorrow.

The ex-Federal soldiers from Carroll County met in Westminster, March 13, 1880, and formed a post of the Grand Army of the Republic, to be known as Burns' Post, after W. H. Burns, of the Sixth Maryland Regiment. Col. William A. McKellip was elected Commander, Capt. A. Billingslea, Senior Vice-Commander; Capt. Charles Kuhns, Junior Vice-Commander; Dr. William H. Rippard, Surgeon; Lee McElroy, Quartermaster; Sylvester Mathias, Adjutant; and John Matthews, Chaplain. The officers were installed March 27th by department commander Gen. William Ross and staff, of Baltimore.

The Carroll County Agricultural Society was incorporated March 8, 1869, by John E. Smith, Jeremiah Rinehart, William A. McKellip, Richard Manning, David Fowble, Hashabiah Haines, George W. Matthews, and John L. Reifsnider. The object of the association was " to improve agriculture by attracting the attention, eliciting the views, and combining the efforts of the individuals composing the agricultural community of Carroll County, and aiming at the development of the resources of the soil so as to promote the prosperity of all concerned in its culture." Grounds containing thirty acres of land were purchased on the Baltimore turnpike at the east end of Westminster, just outside of the corporation limits. They were enclosed with a substantial fence, and stabling was erected for the accommodation of five hundred head of stock. A race-track, half a mile in length, was made from a diagram furnished by George W. Wilkes, of the Spirit of the Times, and all the necessary preparations completed for the annual exhibitions of the association. The constitution of the society requires the members to meet three times a year, and Article III. of that instrument defines the aims of the association to be, in addition to others, " to procure and improve the implements of husbandry; to improve the breed of domestic animals . . . ." The first officers of the society were John E. Smith, president; Jeremiah Rinehart, vice-president; William A. McKellip, secretary; Richard Manning, treasurer; David Fowble, George W. Matthews, Edward Lynch, Hashabiah Haines, and John F. Reifsnider, directors. At a meeting of the board of directors in 1869, the following committees were appointed to solicit subscriptions to the capital stock of the society:

District No. 1, Samuel Swope, Jno. McKellip, Samuel Smith; No. 2, Reuben Saylor, Thomas F. Shepherd, Jeremiah Rinehart; No. 3, H. Wirt Shriver, Geo. W. Shull, Samuel Cover; No. 4, James Lee, Jeremiah Babylon, P. A. Gorsuch; No. 5, S. T. C. Brown, David Prugh, J. Oliver Wadlow; No. 6, George A. Shower, Edwin J. Crumrine, P. H. L. Meyers; No. 7, Wm. A. McKellip, Richard Manning, Hashabiah Haines, Augustus Shriver; No. 8, David W. Houck, Wm. Houck, John W. Murray; No. 9, Dr. F. J. Crawford, Col. J. C. Gist, Robert D. Gorsuch; No. 10, Geo. Harris, Joseph Davis, John Winemiller; No. 11, L. P. Slingluff, Wm. A. Norris, Sol. S. Ecker, Jos. A Stouffer.

Preparations having all been completed, and the society having fully realized their anticipations of support from the people of the county, on the 3rd of July, 1869, the grounds of the association were opened with much ceremony and with a fine exhibition, which embraced the varied productions of the county and admirable specimens of improved stock and horses. A grand tournament attracted a large concourse of people, after which some interesting trotting races took place. Among the cattle exhibited were beautiful selections from Durham, Devon, Ayrshire, and Alderney breeds. The exhibition of horses was worthy of careful inspection, the large majority of the animals having been raised by the enterprising farmers of Carroll County.

The following is a list of the officers of the society during each year, including 1881:

1870. — President, .John E. Smith; Vice-President, Jeremiah Rinehart: Secretary, Wm. A. McKellip; Treasurer, Richard Manning! Directors, David Fowble, Edward Lynch, H. Haines, W. G. Rinehart, Joseph H. Hoppe.

1871. — President, Augustus Shriver; Vice-President, Jeremiah Rinehart; Secretary, Wm. A. McKellip; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, Edward Lynch, David H. Byers, Geo. W. Matthews, David Fowble, Josephus H. Hoppe.

1872. — President, Augustus Shriver; Vice-President, Jeremiah Rinehart; Secretary, Wm. A. McKellip; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, David Fowble, Edward Lynch, H. E. Morelock, Joseph Shaeffer, Louis P. Slingluff.

1873. — President, Granville S. Haines; Vice-President, Jeremiah Rinehart; Secretary, Wm. A. McKellip; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, Edward Lynch, David Fowble, Joseph Shaeffer, Dr. C. Billingslea, Noah Shaeffer, E. O. Grimes, Louis P. Slingluff, Lewis H. Cole.

1874. — President, Granville S. Haines; Vice-President, George W. Matthews; Secretary, C. V. Wantz; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, F. H. Orendorff, H. E. Morelock, Joseph Hibberd, Thomas F. Shepherd, E. J. Crumrine.

1875.— President, Granville S. Haines; Vice-President, Joseph Shaeffer; Secretary, C. V. Wantz; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, H. E. Morelock, F, H. Orendorff, David Fowble, Thos. F. Shepherd, Samuel Roop.

1876. — President, Jeremiah Rinehart; Vice-President, Noah Shaeffer; Secretary, George W. Matthews; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, David H. Byers, Samuel Lawyer, Henry B. Albaugh, John Sellman, David Stoner.

1877.— President, Col. William A. McKellip; Vice-President, David Fowble; Secretary, G. W. Matthews; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, Dr. Jacob Rinehart, Granville S. Haines, L. P. Slingluff, Edward Lynch, Orlando Reese.

1878.— (Same board.)

1879. — Same board, save Francis H. Orendorff, secretary, vice G. W. Matthews.

1880. — Same board; Assistant Secretary, Frank W. Shriver; Chief Marshal, Joseph W. Berret; Assistant Marshals, Robert M. Hewitt, Wesley A. Steele, G. Edwin Hoppe, William N. Sellman; Committee on Grounds and Side Shows, David Fowble, Granville S. Haines, Edward Lynch; Superintendents of Departments, Henry E. Morelock, Wm. J. Morelock, D. H. Byers, Thomas B. Gist, Elias Tingling, Charles N. Kuhn, Francis Sharrer, Lee McElroy, W. G. Rinehart; Vice-Presidents, Dr. Samuel Swope, Frank Brown, J. C. Brubaker, A. G. Houck, Emanuel Myers, Geo. W. Manro, P. H. L. Myers, John W. Murray, Solomon Shepherd, Lewis Dielman, Benj. Poole, David Rinehart; Committee of Reception, Hon. Charles B. Roberts, Hon. John E. Smith, Henry Gait, Thomas F. Shepherd, Samuel Cover, John H. Chew, E. J. Crumrine, R. D. Gorsuch. L. A. J. Lamotte, A. Augustus Roop, A. H. Steele, E. H. Clabaugh. The fair this year was held September 28th to October 1st, and in the trials for speed there were six trots, in which $775 were given as awards.

1881.— President, Col. William A. McKellip; Vice-President, David Fowble; Secretary, Francis H. Orendorff; Treasurer, Richard Manning; Directors, Edward Lynch, Dr. Jacob Rinehart, Jeremiah Rinehart, John B. Boyle, William J. Morelock.

The Agricultural Hall, for the productions requiring shelter, is eighty-five by forty feet, and two stories high. The pavilion seats over two thousand persons, and a music-stand, octagonal in form, is erected in the center of the track. This society has a capital of nearly thirty thousand dollars invested in its properties. The quality of horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, and mules in the county, as annually exhibited, is superb, and makes a good return in profits to the growers and owners. It is universally admitted that the generous rivalry in their exhibitions has stimulated the farmers to more active exertions, and the machinists have been aroused to the necessity of producing implements of superior quality.

As has been before observed in these pages, the inhabitants of Carroll County have always been a peaceful and law-abiding people. The records of the court have seldom been defaced by the more heinous offenses which sometimes mar the moral symmetry of other communities. There have been but two executions in the county since its creation in 1837. Rebecca McCormick, a colored woman, was tried at the April term of the Circuit Court for 1859 for the murder of a colored boy, fourteen years of age. She was convicted of murder in the first degree, and executed in the month of June following.

On the 5th of April, 1872, Abraham L. Lynn, a miller near Lynwood Station, was found dead in his grain-bin with his skull fractured in several places. It was at first supposed that he had accidentally fallen into the bin, but the suspicious movements of a young man named Joseph W. Davis, employed in the mill, attracted attention, and he was arrested and charged with the murder. Hamilton Shue, a shoemaker in the village, was also arrested as an accomplice. The trial of Davis before the Circuit Court of Carroll County, in June, 1872, resulted in a disagreement of the jury. His case was then removed to Washington County, where he was tried in September, 1872, and convicted of murder in the first degree. There succeeded a series of delays almost unexampled in the history of jurisprudence. The evidence was entirely circumstantial, and his counsel. Col. Maulsby and J. A. C. Bond, believed implicitly in his innocence.

The case was taken on a bill of exceptions to the Court of Appeals, and the decision of the lower court affirmed. Subsequently, in deference to the appeals of counsel, the case was reopened by the highest court in the State and reargued, with the same result as before. An appeal was now made to the Governor for pardon, and the case elaborately argued before him, but he declined to interfere. Again, on the supposed discovery of new evidence, it was argued before the Governor with a like result. Some mistakes were then discovered in the court papers, and a writ of error was sued out by the counsel of Davis, which was heard by the Court of Appeals, and decided adversely to Davis. As a last resort an application for interference was made to the Legislature, which was then in session, but while the proceedings were pending before this body Davis made a full confession, acknowledging his guilt and exonerating Shue, who had already been acquitted. Davis was executed in the jail-yard at Westminster, Feb. 6, 1874. A fearful storm of wind and snow prevailed during the day, but the case had become so generally known through the extraordinary efforts of counsel in his behalf, that thousands of people were drawn thither to witness the last act in the tragedy. He broke down utterly at the last, and had to be borne up the steps of the gallows. His confession was sold to the spectators while he was delivering his farewell to the populace, and appeared the next day in the morning papers.

The financial exhibit of Carroll County for the year ending June 30, 1881, was very gratifying to the taxpayers. There was a reduction of $10,641.61 in the public debt over the previous year, and an increase of $5172.41 in assets, making a general improvement of $15,787.02. The liabilities over assets were $12,532.82, which was about the actual debt of the county. The tax levied was fifty cents on a hundred dollars, the lowest in the State. The expenses of the Circuit Court for August and November, 1880, and for February and May, 1881, were $8303.46; for sundry attorneys, $121.33; for the Orphans' Court, $1573.81; for county commissioners, $1868.50; for county jail, $2390.59; for public schools, $21,000; for registers of voters, $825; for collection of taxes, $2635; for justices of the peace, $457.68; for constables, $464.79; for public printing, $722.83; for taxes refunded, $14.10; for State witnesses, $41.58; for laying out and opening public roads, $109; for inquests, $166.94; for sundry minor expenses, $970.55; for county roads, small bridges, and culverts, $9369.90; for bridges, $3732,88; for county indebtedness, $14,230.31; for judges and clerks of election, $286; for out-door pensioners, $2803; for special pensions by order, $619.60; for miscellaneous accounts, $2364.36; for the almshouse, $3822.70. The liabilities of the county on June 30, 1881, were given by Joseph A. Waesche, the treasurer, as follows: County certificates outstanding, $47,495; note due Union National Bank, $5000; Daniel Bush estate, $1200; George W. Armacort, $400; total, $54,095. The amount of liabilities June 30, 1880, $64,709.61. The assets were stated as follows: Outstanding taxes in hands of collectors for former years, $38,230.71; cash in bank, $2396.97; due from Baltimore City and Allegany County, $935.50; total, $41,563,18. Amount of assets July 30, 1880, $36,390.77. The commissioners were John K. Longwell, president; Francis Warner, William C. Polk.

The following statistics in regard to Carroll County are furnished from the census bureau: Total value of real estate assessed for the year ended June 30, 1880, $11,215,3.34; personal property, $5,030,142; aggregate value of real and personal property assessed, $16,245,476. Receipts from taxes for all purposes except schools, $90,687.65; for school purposes, $37,245.47; total receipts from State taxes for all purposes except schools, $14,214.79; total receipts from State taxes (or apportionment) for schools, $16,245.47. Expenditures for schools, $37,245.47; State roads or bridges, $11,996.71; poor, $7590; all other purposes, $24,337.95. Total, $81,170.13. The bonded indebtedness is based on the issue of bonds bearing 6 per cent, interest in 1864 and 1865, as bounties for volunteer soldiers, which matured in 1866 and 1867. The amount paid is $10,675; outstanding, $48,325. Assets, par value outstanding taxes in the hands of collectors, $36,390.17; almshouse property, containing 175 acres of land, $15,000. Total, $51,390.17; estimated value, $51,390.17.

The total population of the county in 1880 was 30,992, of which the males numbered 15,495, and the females 15,497.

According to the United States census of 1880, the total number of persons in Carroll County who cannot read is 1419, and of those who cannot write 2125. Of the latter, 1209 are native white, 66 foreign white, and 850 colored. Of the white population who cannot write, 95 males and 61 females, total, 156, are between 10 and 14 years of age; 43 males and 49 females, total, 92, are from 15 to 20 years of age; and 383 males and 644 females, total, 1027, are 21 years and over. Of the colored population who cannot write, 43 males and 51 females, total, 94, are from 10 to 14 years old; 42 males and 58 females, total, 100, are from 15 to 20 years; and 320 males and 336 females, total, 656, are 21 years and over.