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There have also been attempts to classify coal as one of the hydrocarbon-type resources of the Earth (Figure 2.3) but the term hydrocarbon is used too loosely and extremely generally since coal is not a true hydrocarbon and contains atoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur) other than carbon and hydrogen – a hydrocarbon (by the true chemical definition) contains carbon and hydrogen only (Fessenden and Fessenden, 1990). Even crude oil, despite the errors of the general nomenclature, is not an assemblage of true hydrocarbon derivatives (because of the occurrence of nitrogen-containing, oxygen-containing, sulfur-containing, and metal-containing species) (Speight, 2014).

Figure 2.3 Classification of the various hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon-producing resources (Speight, 2013).