Читать книгу Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy - James Speight G., James G. Speight - Страница 36

Acid treating is one of the older treating processes in refining of liquids from renewable sources. This process found importance in the earlier days of crude oil refining and was preferentially used by oil industry for treating middle distillates like gasoline, kerosene, etc., and also for the refining of lubricating oils. Used oil refining was also carried out using this process. Primarily, acid treating processes were used to improve color, odor, removal/reduction of aromatic content and other undesirable constituents such as polar nitrogen containing compounds and/or some of the trace metals present in the products. Removal of these undesired constituents leads to considerable improvement in physical properties of the treated petroleum / petrochemical product.

Sulfuric acid treating is known to be one of the oldest and best suited treating agent for a large variety of petroleum-related applications. Use of sulfuric acid was widely accepted as an acid treating agent for upgrading petroleum products. Although petroleum refining industry and researchers have used other acids like hydrofluoric acid, hypochlorous acid for treating of the petroleum products, such as lubricating oil, best performance and economics of the operation could be achieved by using sulfuric acid treating only.

In the process, a product is thoroughly mixed with the acid in a mixer and this mixture is allowed to settle for some time for achieving complete phase separation of aqueous and organic layers. Treated product, i.e., upper organic layer is removed and water washed to give the finished product. If still better quality product is desired with further improvement in color and/or removal of polar constituents, this acid treated product layer may be further treated with clay then followed by water washing as per the process requirements. The bottom layer, i.e., acidic aqueous layer is taken out from the bottom of the settling tank for the recovery of extracted petroleum products and the recycle of the acid for further product treating or dilute acid; if it cannot be used further then this acid is treated with alkali to neutralize it and it is sent to disposal to water treatment plant.

As in the other treating processes in crude oil refining, acid treatment may also be used as a simple single-stage extraction process, or if required, as a complex multi-stage extraction process. The process requirements and treating scheme is designed based on the nature of the product to be treated and extent of product quality improvement requirement.

Pre-treating and post-treating of the products before and after acid treating also plays a significant role in product quality enhancement by acid treating. Whether it should be clay treatment or simple water washing after acid treating, the overall process requirement can be optimized easily depending upon quality requirements of the finished product. As discussed earlier, clay treatment after acid treating further reduces the polar constituents present in the product besides improving the color of the product. If desired product quality is achieved by acid treatment only than clay treatment step is not essential and simple water washing can give the desired product quality.

A number of process-related parameters play significant roles for the optimization of process requirements and these parameters depend upon the extent of refining needed. Acid concentration is the primary and most important of such requirements; generally lower acid concentrations, around 25% or less are used for the treatment of the alkaline sludge generated in various refinery processes, by neutralizing it before its safe disposal to the water treatment plant. Moderate to strong acid requirement are effectively used in polymerization of olefins and diolefins.

Treatment of higher viscosity products require strong acid concentrations. With varying acid concentrations ease of separation of the acid and organic layer can also be achieved. With dilute acids the phase separation is easy as compared to the strong acids. Fuming sulfuric acid is also used for the treatment of the lube oils and the petroleum products. Another process parameter is operating or treating temperature. Temperature also plays a significant role in quality of treatment and subsequently the end product. Other parameters like contact time, numbers of stages, etc., are equally important in the treatment of products.

Disposal of acidic sludge or waste is a serious problem for the refineries. Safe handling of acidic sludge and its disposal is not at all an easy process. Therefore, refineries have avoided acid handling. Older refineries also, which were earlier using acid treating, have also shifted to environmentally safe and less hazardous treating technologies for improving product quality.

See also: Refining.