Italy’s Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45

Italy’s Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45
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Today Italy is a land of beauty and prosperity but in 1944-45 it had become a place of nightmares, a land of violence, war, and destruction. James Holland's ground-breaking account expertly documents the German advance to the stalemate of the Gothic line and a segment of Italian history that has been largely neglected.The war in Italy was the most destructive campaign in the west as the Allies and Germans fought a long, bitter and highly attritional conflict up the mountainous leg of Italy during the last twelve months of the Second World War. For front-line troops, casualties rates at Cassino and then along the notorious Gothic Line were as high as they had been along the Western Front in the First World War. There were further similarities too: blasted landscapes, rain and mud. For the men who fought there, Italy really was the hardest campaign.And while the Allies and Germans were slogging it out through the mountains, the Italians were fighting their own battles, one where Partisans and Fascists were pitted against each other in a bloody civil war. Around them, civilians tried to live through the carnage, terror and anarchy while, in the wake of the Allied advance, beleaguered and impoverished Italians were forced to pick their way through the ruins of their homes and country and often forced into making terrible and heart-rending decisions in order to survive.'Italy's Sorrow' is the first account of the war in that most beautiful of countries to tell the story from all sides and to include the experiences of soldiers and civilians alike. Offering extensive new research, it weaves together the drama and tragedy of a terrible year of war with new perspectives and material on some of the most debated episodes to have emerged from the Second World War. It is a magnificent achievement by one of our finest young military historians.

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James Holland. Italy’s Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45

ITALY’S SORROW

CONTENTS

MAPS

NOTE ON THE TEXT

PRINCIPAL PERSONALITIES (ranks as at end of war)

PROLOGUE

The Eve of Battle May 1944

Battle Begins 11–12 May 1944

Churchill’s Opportunism

The Slow Retreat

Frustrations

Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea

Masters of the Skies

The Battle Rages 13–16 May, 1944

New Order

Breaking the Gustav Line 17–18 May 1944

Achtung Banditen!

The Fog of War 18–23 May 1944

Break-out 23–26 May 1944

General Clark and the Big Switch 26–30 May 1944

The Fall of Rome 1–5 June 1944

The North

The Problems of Generalship June 1944

The Typhoon Rolls North

Breaking the Albert Line 20–30 June 1944

The Politics of War

Differences of Opinion

Summer Heat July 1944

Crossing the Arno July–August 1944

A Change of Plan August 1944

Despair August 1944

The Gothic Line 25 August–1 September 1944

The Tragedy of Gemmano 1–12 September 1944

Mountain Passes and Bloody Ridges 12–21 September 1944

Death in the Mountains 22–29 September 1944

The Reason Why

Rain, Mud and Misery, Part I 1–14 October 1944

Rain, Mud and Misery, Part II 15–31 October 1944

The Infantryman’s Lot November 1944

The Partisan Crisis November–December 1944

White Christmas December 1944

Stalemate January–February 1945

Getting Ready February–April 1945

The Last Offensive 9–20 April 1945

The End of the War in Italy 21 April–2 May 1945

POSTSCRIPT

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES (a) Archives

(b) Oral History

(c) Diaries, Letters and Memoirs

PUBLISHED SOURCES (a) Official Histories

(b) Books

(c) Pamphlets and Periodicals

(d) Film and Television

(e) Internet

(f) Maps

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY

GUIDE TO RANKS

INDEX

By the same author

Copyright

About the Publisher

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For Daisy

By the spring of 1944, the vast reach of Hitler’s Third Reich, chieved so spectacularly in the early part of the war, was diminishing. In the East, the Soviet Red Army was clawing back land lost and was about to regain the Crimea, while in the West, the Western Allies were poised to invade France. Already the Axis powers had lost North Africa and, the previous summer, Sicily. Mussolini, the Fascist dictator of Italy, had been deposed, and on 8 September 1943, the Italians surrendered to the Allies. With British troops already on the southern toe of the peninsula, the main Allied invasion force landed at Salerno, south of Naples, the morning after the Italian armistice. Thus began a long and bloody campaign that would cause untold suffering. Seven months of fighting, mostly in the intractable terrain around the town of Cassino, would wreak appalling destruction.

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28 Mountain Passes and Bloody Ridges: 12–21 September 1944

Part III: The Winter of Discontent

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