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Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

1.1 The Task of Temporal Tagging

1.2 Application Examples Exploiting Temporal Tagging

1.3 Summary of the Chapter

2 The Concept of Time

2.1 Key Characteristics of Temporal Information

2.2 Temporal Expressions in Documents

2.3 Realizations of Temporal Expressions

2.4 Summary of the Chapter

3 Foundations of Temporal Tagging

3.1 Annotation Standards

3.2 Evaluating Temporal Taggers

3.3 Research Competitions

3.4 Annotated News-style Corpora

3.5 Summary of the Chapter

4 Domain-sensitive Temporal Tagging

4.1 Temporal Tagging of News-style Documents

4.2 The Concept of a Domain

4.3 Annotated Non-news-style Corpora

4.4 Characteristics of Different Domains

4.4.1 News-style Documents

4.4.2 Narrative-style Documents

4.4.3 Colloquial-style Documents

4.4.4 Autonomic-style Documents

4.4.5 Further Domains and Summary

4.5 Comparative Corpus Analysis—Challenges for Domain-sensitive Temporal Tagging

4.6 Strategies for Domain-sensitive Temporal Tagging

4.7 Summary of the Chapter

5 Techniques and Tools

5.1 Overview of Approaches to Temporal Tagging

5.2 Overview of Existing Temporal Taggers

5.2.1 TIPSem—Exploiting Semantic Information

5.2.2 HeidelTime—Rule-based, Multilingual, Domain-sensitive

5.2.3 SUTime—Rule-based, Stanford CoreNLP Component

5.2.4 UWTime—Semantic Parsing of Time Expressions

5.2.5 Comparison and Evaluation Results

5.3 The Value of Domain-sensitive Temporal Tagging

5.4 Approaches to Subtasks and Related Tasks

5.5 Highly Multilingual Temporal Tagging

5.6 Summary of the Chapter

6 Summary and Future Research Directions

6.1 Summary

6.2 Future Directions

Bibliography

Authors’ Biographies

Index