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macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex to indicate that originally the vowel was short, or the shorter of two possibilities (e rather than ai, o rather than au).

When we print initial a, before sandhi that vowel was a

’, before sandhi there was a vowel a

When a final short vowel (a, i, or u) has merged into a following vowel, we print ’ at the end of the word, and when a final long vowel (a, i, or u) has merged into a following vowel we print “ at the end of the word. The vast majority of these cases will concern a final a or a. See, for instance, the following examples:

What before sandhi was atra asti is represented as atr’ asti

Finally, three other points concerning the initial letter of the second word:

(1) A word that before sandhi begins with r (vowel), after sandhi begins with r followed by a consonant: yatha” rtu represents pre-sandhi yatha rtu.

(2) When before sandhi the previous word ends in t and the following word begins with s, after sandhi the last letter of the previous word is c ________